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The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System. Inhale … Exhale …. How important is the Respiratory System?. How long can you hold your breath?. 2 different levels. Cellular, or internal Organism level. Why Breath?.

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The Respiratory System

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  1. The Respiratory System Inhale … Exhale …

  2. How important is the Respiratory System? • How long can you hold your breath?

  3. 2 different levels • Cellular, or internal • Organism level

  4. Why Breath? • Respiratory System is a group of organs working together to bring about the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment

  5. Respiratory System consists of: • Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Smaller conducting passageways • Lungs

  6. air is about 21% Oxygen; 78% Nitrogen; 1% Carbon dioxide, water vapor, argon, and other trace gasses (neon, helium, krypton, hydrogen, and ozone are a few)

  7. Air enters through the nose or mouth • Into the nasal cavity – warms and moistens air • Enters pharynx – back of throat – serves as passageway for food and air • Trachea – windpipe – leads to lungs

  8. Direct connection to outside – must filter dust, dirt, smoke, bacteria and other contaminants • When air goes through the mouth, it doesn’t get filtered as much as when it goes through the nose and nasal cavities • Lined with mucous secretions and hair

  9. Top of trachea is Larynx • Made of cartilage (largest is the Adam’s Apple) • Also known as Voice box • Inside is two folds of tissue – the vocal cords

  10. Trachea • C – shaped rings of cartilage • Protect the trachea • Make it flexible • Keep it from collapsing

  11. Cells that line the trachea • produce mucus • Lined with cilia • Particles are trapped in the mucus and carried to upper trachea – swept down into digestive system • Smoke = Sabotage to system • Cilia stop working after a while • When this happens, particles get lodged in the trachea – SMOKER’S COUGH

  12. Trachea divides to bronchi • Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller passageways and lose the cartilage rings to become bronchioles • Bronchioles divide further and further until they end in small clusters of hollow air sacs – alveoli • Gas exchange occurs in alveoli

  13. Mechanics of Breathing • Inhalation and Exhalation • Air pulled into the lungs and air pushed out of the lungs • 10 – 15 X in a minute • Diaphragm – large flat muscle along bottom of rib cage and Intercostal (between ribs) muscles

  14. Makeup of air we breath

  15. 3 million alveoli in a healthy lung

  16. Blood enters capillaries around the alveoli • Carbon dioxide rich blood enters, Carbon dioxide diffuses out, Oxygen diffuses in – concentrations are unequal across the alveolar membrane of gasses

  17. Phospholipids and protein produce a “surfactant” to coat the inside of the alveolus • Keeps it open and makes it easier to exchange gasses

  18. Hemoglobin – Found in red blood cells – iron containing compound – makes red blood cells red • Without Hemoglobin, blood would only be able to carry about 2% of the oxygen needed by the body.

  19. Control of Respiratory System • Breathing is involuntary • What makes you breath?

  20. How does the nervous system control breathing? • Sensory neurons check levels of gasses in your blood. • One set in carotid arteries in the neck • Other set in the aorta • These are sensitive to levels of gasses in the blood – especially Carbon Dioxide

  21. LUNG CAPACITIES • Total Lung Volume – about 6 L • Residual Volume – Following a normal exhalation, what is left (about 2 ½ L) • Tidal Volume – Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal (at rest) breath (1/2 L per cycle) • Inspiratory Reserve – additional air that can be breathed after a normal inspiration (4 ½ L) • Vital Capacity – total volume of breathable air

  22. Problems • Hypoxia – High CO2 levels in the blood – provides greatest stimulus to breath • Influenced by oxygen partial pressure, increased gas density, and emotional states • Asphyxia – existence of both hypoxia (oxygen shortage) and Carbon Dioxide excess • Suffocation – stoppage of breathing for any cause resulting in asphyxiation • Strangulation – stoppage of breathing due to obstruction

  23. Asthma • Restriction of airways due to inflammation • May cause • Shortness of breath • Wheezing • Coughing • Can be triggered by • Cold • Allergies – dust, pet hair, smoke, pollen, etc… • Exercise

  24. Asthma • Medicines include • Long acting to prevent attacks • Short acting during attacks (bronchodilators)

  25. Lung Caner

  26. Emphysema • COPD – Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease • Lung tissue destroyed – cannot function fully • Irreversible condition • Steroids and other drugs • May need Oxygen permanently

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