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The Neuron

The Neuron. Pathways to the Nervous System. The Neuron. before birth Approximately upon birth 90% of your cells are glia cells (in CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS) (fun fact: prenatal neurons develop at the rate of 250,000/minute!!).

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The Neuron

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  1. The Neuron Pathways to the Nervous System

  2. The Neuron • before birth • Approximately upon birth • 90% of your cells are glia cells (in CNS) and Schwann cells (in PNS) • (fun fact: prenatal neurons develop at the rate of 250,000/minute!!)

  3. Nerve fibers are long dendrites and axons bundled together. They are called nerves in the PNS and tracts in the CNS Nerves that lead to the brain are also known as: Nerves going from the brain are:

  4. Parts: dendrites soma nucleus, nissl substance axon myelin sheath nodes of Ranvier terminal feet terminal buttons Neuron

  5. Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons are called neurotransmitters, which will leave: The area between neurons is known as:

  6. The all-or-none law states that when a neuron is stimulated, it must stimulated to: All-or-none law

  7. Ways of Measuring the Brain Electroencephalograph-EEG- Measures: Used in sleep research, detects dreams and sleep disorders

  8. Ways of Measuring the Brain Lesioning Intentional damage to brain cells: Lesioning has taught us a lot about the functions of the brain

  9. CT-Computerized Tomography Horizontal slices: Least expensive – widely used Ways to Measure the Brain

  10. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radioactive tracer Color coded map Ways to Measure the Brain

  11. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) What it is: Very expensive Ways to Measure the Brain

  12. Ways of Measuring the Brain Electrical Stimulation of the Brain (ESB) Sends a weak: Stimulates areas of the brain to determine what effect the stimulation has Discovered by Penfield, done:

  13. Neurotransmitters

  14. Acetylcholine-Ach Involved in voluntary movements Contributes to: Lack of Ach – Low levels of Ach – cells die

  15. Acetylcholine Hippocampus of the brain Overabundance of Ach- Curare-a poison that blocks the transmission of Ach, which will lead to intense spasms of the muscles, including heart –

  16. Controls voluntary muscles A monoamine Lack of – Too much – Dopamine-DA

  17. Dopamine Tardive Dyskenesia-a disease which can cause Parkinson’s-like tremors. This occurs when a person takes meds for: Plays a major role in addiction as it is similar to adrenaline and controls:

  18. Highly implicated in , hence your SSRI’s (antidepressants) Low levels of SE seemed to be linked to: Involved in wakefulness and: A Monoamine Serotonin-SE

  19. Norepinephrine-NE Low levels of NE have been associated with: Cocaine and amphetamines may stimulate the activity of this neurotransmitter (may cause hallucinations) A monoamine

  20. Synthesized by the: Activates the sympathetic nervous system and puts the body: Epinephrine

  21. Resemble opiates Pain blockers Gate control theory: Endorphins

  22. Low levels: Antianxiety drugs: GABA

  23. Central Nervous System – Consists of the: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

  24. Contains: Somatic Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic NS Peripheral Nervous System

  25. Parasympathetic Rest and digest response Brings the system back to: Peripheral Nervous System

  26. Did you know that the brain weighs only about 1 pound at birth? By one year of age, the brain will double in size and be almost 90% of its adult size The Brain

  27. FRONTAL LOBE Located in front of the central sulcus. Concerned with: Lobes of the Brain

  28. Frontal Lobe- On the left side is Broca’s area – Lobes of the Brain

  29. Motor Strip

  30. After Gage had an accident in which a metal pipe went through his brain, it was thought that he would not survive. However, he did – with interesting consequences Phineas Gage

  31. PARIETAL LOBE Located behind the central sulcus. Concerned with: Lobes of the brain

  32. The Primary Somatosensory Cortex Neurons in the primary somatosensory are activated when the skin is touched. However, the body is NOT represented in the cortex in proportion to the amount of skin.

  33. A map of the human somatosensory cortex was drawn by Dr. Wilder Penfield in the 1950's. By observing the location on the brain that caused patients to feel sensations on different parts of their bodies, Dr. Penfield was able to draw a map of the brain

  34. TEMPORAL LOBE Located below the lateral fissure. Concerned with: Lobes of the Brain

  35. Temporal Lobe – Behind the temporal lobe is the uncus – Left side of temporal lobe is Wernicke’s area - Lobes of the Brain

  36. OCCIPITAL LOBE Located at the back of the brain, behind the parietal lobe and temporal lobe. Concerned with: Lobes of the Brain

  37. . The Lobes of the Brain

  38. Medial View Sensory & Motor Areas

  39. Brain Weight(gm) Species 6,000 Elephant 1,300-1,400 Adult Human 97 Rhesus Monkey 72 Dog 30 Cat 10 Rabbit 2.2 Owl The Brain

  40. How does the human brain compare?

  41. Cerebral cortex functions: Thought Voluntary movement Language Reasoning Perception Parts of the Brain

  42. Cerebellum Functions: Looks like a mini-brain The Hindbrain

  43. Cerebellum • Two peach-size mounds of folded tissue at the base of the brain form the cerebellum. • Damage to this area leads to: • Some scientists have discovered:

  44. Medulla Control of: a.k.a. the medulla oblongata The Hindbrain

  45. Pons Located above the medulla Connects midbrain with the: Controls: Contains sensory and motor tracts between the cortex and the medulla Involved in: The Hindbrain

  46. The midbrain is very small in humans Coordinates simple movements with sensory information The Midbrain

  47. Reticular formation (a.k.a. Reticular activating system) Attention and arousal- If damaged, the person may: Involved in pain perception The Midbrain

  48. Thalamus Functions as a relay station – sends sensory information to: The only sensory information that does not travel through the thalamus is: The Forebrain

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