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Chapter 1

Chapter 1. Principles of Government. Government. Government is the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens. The State.

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Chapter 1

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  1. Chapter 1 Principles of Government

  2. Government Government is the institution through which the state maintains social order, provides public services, and enforces binding decisions on citizens

  3. The State • State: a political community that occupies a definite territory and has an organized government with the power to make and enforce laws without approval from any higher authority • The state can be defined as having these four characteristics: • Population • Territory • Government • Sovereignty • The supreme and absolute authority within territorial boundaries

  4. Qualities of the State

  5. The Origins of the State Evolutionary Theory Force Theory Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory

  6. Evolutionary Theory • The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family. • Example: Native American culture

  7. Force Theory The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule. Example: Early through medieval city-states

  8. The Divine Right Theory • The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule. • Example: European monarchs & Egyptian Pharaohs

  9. Social Contract Theory • Social Contract: theory that by contract, people surrender to the state the power needed to maintain order and the state, in turn, agrees to protect its citizens • The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people. • Example: U.S. Constitution

  10. The Purpose of Government “We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

  11. Classifying Government Who can participate The distribution of power The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking) and the executive (law executing) branches of the government

  12. Who Can Participate More Participation Less Participation Democracy Government in which the people rule Autocracy A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual Oligarchy A system of government in which a small group holds power

  13. More Participation • Direct Democracy: • Citizens cast votes directly on each governmental issue • Example: Ancient Athens • Representative (Indirect) Democracy: • Citizens elect representatives, representatives make laws & decisions that run the government • Example: the United States • Republic • A government in which voters hold sovereign power; elected representatives, responsible to the people, exercise the power • Quote from Benjamin Franklin • “What kind of government have you given us, Dr. Franklin? A republic or a monarchy” • “A republic, Madam, if you can keep it.”

  14. Autocracy • Types: • Monarchy • King, queen or emperor • Example: England (pre-Parliament) • Autocracy in which a king, queen, or emperor exercises supreme powers of government • Dictatorship • Single authority of government through force (or dictate) • Example: Libya under Muammar Qaddafi • Totalitarian • Single authority of entire society • Example: Nazi Germany under Hitler

  15. Oligarchy • Few individuals hold power • Can still be a dictatorship • Examples: • Communist party in China • North Korea leadership (headed by Kim Jong-Un)

  16. Distribution of Power • Unitary System • A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government • Federal System • A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments • Confederacy • A loose union of independent states

  17. Unitary System • A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government • Most power held by a central government • Works best with few cultural differences • Needs strong communication • Compact states • Examples: • France • UK • the Netherlands • Spain • China

  18. Federal System • A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments • Splits power between a central government & local governments • Can work well in multinational states • Suitable for large states • Examples: • U.S. • Russia • Canada • India • Belgium

  19. Confederacy • A loose union of independent states • Seen more as economic unions now, rather than governmental • Examples • The United States (under the Articles of Confederation) • The European Union

  20. Government Structure Constitutional Government Politics A government in which a constitution has authority to place clearly recognized limits on the powers of those who govern Constitutions are set up to provide structure (more on that next unit) The effort to control or influence the conduct and policies of government Politics influence the ways that governments evolve after the structure has been established (more on that throughout the year)

  21. Relationship between Legislative & Executive Branches Presidential Government Parliamentary Government Chief executive: President Separation of powers between the exec. & leg. branches Example: the United States Chief executive: Prime Minister or Premier Leader of the majority party of the leg. branch (exec. is part of the leg.) Term: remains in office as long as they have the support of the majority of parliament Example: The United Kingdom

  22. Comparative Economic Systems Capitalism Socialism Communism

  23. Economics The study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources Comparative Economic Systems look at different ways to manage wants and manage resources

  24. Capitalism • Capitalism: an economic system providing free choice and individual incentive for workers, investors, consumers, and business enterprises • Pure Capitalism has five characteristics: • Private Ownership of the factors of production • Free Enterprise • Competition • Freedom of Choice • Possibility of Profit

  25. Factors of Production • Factors of Production • Land: natural resources • Labor: human resources • Capital: human-made resources • Entrepreneur: individual who utilizes capital

  26. Free Enterprise • The opportunity to control one’s own economic decisions • Adam Smith in “The Wealth of Nations” believed in the laissez-faire theory • The philosophy that government should keep its hands off the economy • “To let alone” • The “invisible hand” will guide the market • A.K.A. Supply and Demand

  27. The Law of Supply & Demand A law which states that when supplies of goods and services become plentiful, prices tend to drop. When supplies become scarcer, prices tend to rise. S D

  28. Profit • Profit • The amount of money you earn – the cost it took to get that money • Example: $$$ – rent, bills, wages, etc. = profit • Being in the “black” • Loss • When expenses are more than the income earned • Being in the “red”

  29. Socialism • An economic system in which the government owns the basic means of production, distributes the products and wages, and provides social services such as health care and welfare • Background • Developed out of the Industrial Revolution • Response to workers working long hours in dirty, dangerous conditions for low pay • Examples: Denmark, Norway • Democratic Socialism

  30. Characteristics of a Socialist Economy Nationalization Public Welfare Taxation Centrally Planned Economy

  31. Communism • An economic system in which the central government directs all major economic decisions • Communism characteristics • Public ownership • Large-scale central planning

  32. Communism • Karl Marx • Wrote “The Communist Manifesto” with Friedrich Engels • Argued that the proletariat (workers) were so poorly treated that eventually they would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie (capitalists) • Marx believed this would lead to equality and a classless society (and eventually the elimination of government) • Modern Examples: • Former Soviet Union • China • Cuba • North Korea

  33. Mixed Economy • An economy in which private enterprise exists in combination with a considerable amount of government regulation and promotion • All economies in the world now are mixed economies • No pure capitalistic, socialist or communist countries • Why? • Preserve private enterprise • Protect the public • Example: Progressive Era in the U.S. • Anti-trust legislation • Pure Food and Drug Act

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