Summary of Chapter 12

1. Summary of Chapter 12 KIN125

2. 1. • Varsity

3. 2. • The exclusionary or “varsity” model of interscholastic sport • Injuries • Eligibility and pass to play rules • Specialization in sport • The teacher/coach role conflict • Parental pressures

4. 3. • Recruiting violations and pressures • Drugs to enhance performance • Economic disparities among top powers • Economic pressures for winning • Treatment of athletes while at the university

5. 4. • The epiphysis injury

6. 5. • The rules must respect the developmental characteristics of the participants • The psychological climate of the competition must be developmentally appropriate • It should manifest the characteristics of play • The participants are bound up in a cooperative effort learning lessons in cooperation as well as competition

7. 6. • The social-psychological abilities necessary to cooperate with teammates and compete with them in games is typically undeveloped prior to age eight

8. 7. • The European Club System gives youths the opportunity to learn and compete based on interest. The United States varsity model provides opportunity only for those skilled enough to make the team

9. 8. • No scholarships are given for athletic prowess. Nobody expects the sports to pay for themselves

10. 9. • Economic factors as well as the status that is awarded to those associated with winning programs at universities

11. 10. • Male hormones which help to increase strength and allow athletes to perform more work in training

12. 11. • Unequal use of facilities and budgets • Sports announcers referring to a female athlete as pretty when this has nothing to do with the competition • Assertiveness not being reinforced or accepted for girls

13. 12. • The overall system elsewhere is funded by the government. In the United States, funding comes mostly from the private sector

14. 13. • Participation

15. 14. • Physical fitness, working especially toward the development of worksite fitness programs

16. 15. • The epiphysis is a secondary growth center. Injury to this area risks permanent injury or disability. There is limited blood supply to this area, thus limited healing

17. 16. • Equipment can be modified • The size of the field can be changed • The length of the game or contest can be modified • The rules are changed so that they respect the developmental characteristics of the participants

18. 17. • They allow younger participants to develop skills more quickly and efficiently • The changed game is more exciting, fun, and rewarding to the participants • Rules can be developed to ensure that all participants have equal opportunities to learn and play the sport

19. 18. • Bad news: they typically behave in ways that are not productive for young athletes; too much evaluation, too many corrective feedback statements, too many negative interactions, too few supportive interactions • Good news: they can change

20. 19. • A boy or girl who grows up in a typical upper middle class suburb has more access to instruction and competition in a variety of sports than do children who grow up in cities