Efficiency of Electric vs Fossil Fuel Vehicles

1. Efficiency of Electric vs Fossil Fuel Vehicles Electric Vehicle: Engine:95% efficient Battery: 99% efficient(charge-discharge, low chgrate) ICE Vehicle: Engine:15-20% efficient • Fuel:1 gallon of gas = 33.4kWh Tesla Model 3: 75kWh battery = 2.25 gallons of gas Range = 500km MPGe = 130 Average ICE Car: Tank = 12.5 gallons Range = 500 km MPG = 25 Special thanks: Bruce Nagy

2. Source: The Life Cycle Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Lithium-Ion Batteries IVL, May 2017

3. Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

4. LEAF: 1.27 years Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

5. Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

6. Model 3: 3.1 years Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

7. Model S: 4.25 years Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

8. A Tale of Two Grids Ontario:Generation Capacity Non-Fossil Fuel (2017) Capacity: 72% Usage: 96% Non-Fossil Fuel (2017) Capacity:19.9% Actual Energy Use by Fuel Type Source:IESOhttp://www.ieso.ca/Power-Data/Supply-Overview/Transmission-Connected-Generation U.S. EPA https://www.epa.gov/energy/egrid-summary-tables

9. EV’s: The Only Vehicles that are Greener over Time 2009 2014 2016 • Text 2018 85% to 225% more efficient in just 9 years Source: Union ofConcerned Scientists,2009 to Feb 2018

10. EV’s: The Only Vehicles that are Greener over Time 75% of people now live in areas where driving electric is cleaner than a 50MPG car • Text Source: Union ofConcerned Scientists,2009 to Feb 2018

11. EV’s: The Only Vehicles that are Greener over Time In states with already active EV markets, GHG emissions for EV’s now equiv to an 80MPG car • Text Source: Union ofConcerned Scientists,2009 to Feb 2018

12. Summary: 20-75% lifetime emissions EV vs. ICE • Presently in Ontario, Teslas achieve 60% lifetime emission reduction vs. ICE vehicle • Reductions will improve: • Power source mix of where you charge your car • Battery manufacturing • Battery recycling https://thecorrespondent.com/7056/why-electric-cars-are-always-green-and-how-they-could-get-greener/741917761200-afaa6e5d Vehicle lifetime calculation based on 220,000 km (15 years of average driving)

13. ~60% Source: https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-vehicles/electric-vehicles/ev-emissions-tool

14. Battery Recycling ~7% Lithium, ~3% cobalt Teslas – 300,000 to 500,000km battery life • We can already reclaim 95%+ of nickel, copper and cobalt • (Lithium reclamation process under development) • Tesla already practices recycling of its battery packs • JB Straubel: goal is “closed-loop recycling” of packs at Gigafactories •  Eventually, need for new mines will be minimal • Further development req’d: currently 1.5 tons CO2 emission / 100kWh battery https://electrek.co/2016/11/01/tesla-battery-degradation/ https://thecorrespondent.com/7056/why-electric-cars-are-always-green-and-how-they-could-get-greener/741917761200-afaa6e5d

15. Bottom Line: Walk or Bike. But if you must buy a car, …buy a Tesla Source: Union of Concerned Scientists – Automaker Rankings 2018: the Environmental Performance of Car Companies https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2018/06/cv-automaker-rankings-2018-ES.pdf

16. Q3 Sales 2018 • Text

17. CANADA’S TOP 5 BEST-SELLING VEHICLES Jan-Sep 2018 • 1. FORD F-150: 115,788 • 2. DODGE RAM: 68,120 • 3. HONDA CIVIC: 56,091 • 4. GMC SIERRA: 44,950 • 5. CHEVLROLET SILVERADO: 44,743 Source: Driving.ca https://driving.ca/ford/f-150/auto-news/news/canadas-10-best-selling-vehicles-in-the-first-three-quarters-of-2018

18. Source: The Shift Project http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/Breakdown-of-GHG-Emissions-by-Sector-and-Gas#tspQvChart

19. EVERYONE IN CANADA DRIVING A TESLA? 60% x 24% = 14.4% reduction in total Canadian GHG THIS IS NOT ENOUGH

21. 408ppm

22. Climate Change – How Bad Is It? Special IPCC Report, October 2018 • 6,000 scientific references, thousands of expert reviewers, 91 authors • Approved by scientists and government policy experts from 40 countries • “Limiting global warming to 1.5ºC will require rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society… global GHG remissions would need to fall by 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, and ‘net zero’ by 2050.” • “Every extra bit of warming matters, since warming of 1.5ºC or higher increases the risk associated with long-lasting or irreversible changes” Source: IPCC, 8 October 2018 “Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC approved by governments”

23. How fast do we need to change? Special IPCC Report, October 2018 • Bottom line: We have 12 years. Make it … or break it. • “Limiting warming to 1.5ºC is possible within the laws of chemistry and physics, but doing so would require unprecedented changes” - Jim Skea, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group III • “The good news is that some of the kinds of actions that would be needed … are already underway … but they would need to accelerate” - Valerie Masson-Delmotte, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group I • “The next few years are probably the most important in our history” - Debra Roberts, Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group II Source: IPCC, 8 October 2018 “Summary for Policymakers of IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5ºC approved by governments”

24. Costs of Climate Change in Canada Insurable Losses (Insurance Bureau of Canada) • $400M/yr two decades ago  $1B per year today Federal Disaster Relief (DFAA) • $100M/yr two decades ago  $2B in 2013-14 Already costing Canada >$3B per year ...and this is the TIP of the iceberg… • Source:https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/commentary/article-the-costs-of-climate-change-are-rising/

25. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 1 • Share and act on the science. • Help others understand the truth about climate change • Communicate immediacy, impacts of the crisis • Support strong climate policy: • - Fossil fuel divestment, carbon pricing, sustainable energy • - Intervene against poor policy, vote for good policy • - Put a price on carbon(William Nordhaus, Nobel Prize winning economist) • ...remember: climate change is Nature’s tax… on EVERYTHING.

26. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 2 • Buy Less. • “Do I really need this?” • “Is retail really a form of therapy?” • BENEFITS: Spend less money. Have less junk. Work less, have more time for what matters. • When you must buy: Select quality, low carbon, local products (avoid cheap/made overseas)

27. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 3 • Reduce your carbon footprint. • Green power/gas offsets for home & office • Consider buying carbon offsets for yourTesla battery: 100kWh = 15 tonnes CO2 = $360.00 75kWh = 11.25 tonnes CO2 = $270.00

28. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 3 • Reduce your carbon footprint. • Don’t fly. But if you must, buy flight offsets: Return flight to Paris for family of 5 = enough CO2 to make a car! Equiv. to 20 years of recycling!  $48.00 per person to offset • Divest investments from fossil fuels

29. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 4 • Transition to a plant-based diet. • Clear health benefits • Significant in carbon impact • Just cut out beef: • GHG diet impact by 90%

30. What Can YOU Do? Top 5 Actions You Can Take 5 • Don’t give up! Act from your • Every positive action mitigates climate change • We are the first generation to experience climate change, and the last generation able toaddress it before it’s too late • The average human makes35,000 choices per day:make your choices count!