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Fossil Fuel Innovation

Fossil Fuel Innovation. Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder. National Energy Technology Lab. “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil Fuel Energy Technology”

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Fossil Fuel Innovation

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  1. Fossil Fuel Innovation Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School of Business University of Colorado at Boulder

  2. National Energy Technology Lab • “Only US National Laboratory Devoted to Fossil Fuel Energy Technology” • Enabling domestic coal, natural gas, and oil to economically power our Nation’s homes, industries, businesses, and transportation … • While protecting our environment and enhancing our energy independence. • NETL has expertise in coal, natural gas, and oil technologies, contract and project management, analysis of energy systems, and international energy issues. http://www.netl.doe.gov

  3. Types of Fossil Fuels • Petroleum (oil) • Natural Gas • Coal • Oil Shale • Tar Sands

  4. Petroleum http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

  5. Drilling for Oil http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/fossilfuels.htm

  6. Coal http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

  7. Coal Mining Underground Mine Open Pit Mine http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs004-02/ http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/

  8. Sulfur in Coal http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct2.html

  9. Natural Gas www.citypublicservice.com http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.asp

  10. Natural Gas Well, Storage, Pipeline http://www.call-adc.com/justiss/rig54pic.htm http://www.isgs.uiuc.edu/isgshome/gas_well.jpg http://www.dom.com/about/gas-transmission/imp/ngp.jsp

  11. US Natural Gas Pipeline Network http://services.unitil.com/fge/bus_natural_gas_equipment.asp

  12. North American Natural Gas Flows http://www2.nrcan.gc.ca/es/erb/prb/english/View.asp?x=447&oid=603

  13. Tar Sands http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

  14. Oil Shale http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

  15. Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal • Large source of atmospheric pollution • Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned • Implicated in global warming • Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog • Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain • Measurable amounts of radioactive material • Naturally present in coal • More than a nuclear power plant

  16. Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

  17. Need forClean Coal http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/english/policy/coal/images/81.gif

  18. CO2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

  19. CO2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

  20. Improving Power Plant Efficiency

  21. Basic Idea of a Power Plant Steam Spinning turbine blades and generator Boiling water

  22. Conventional Coal Power Plant http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=108

  23. Modern Coal PP Waste Disposal http://www.ornl.gov/sci/fossil/NewFiles/feaz277.jpg

  24. Fluidized Bed http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct4.html

  25. Fluidized Bed Combustion Detail http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

  26. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycle

  27. Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

  28. Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

  29. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycle (PFBC) http://envfor.nic.in/cpcb/newsletter/coal/ccombs.html

  30. Supercritical & Ultrasupercritical

  31. Increasing Efficiency with Coal http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=24

  32. Carbon Capture and Sequestration http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v33_2_00/research.htm

  33. CO2 Mitigation Options http://www.netl.doe.gov

  34. Carbon Capture & Storage • Capture and store emissions of carbon dioxide • Removed from the exhaust gases of the power station • Stored so as not to enter the atmosphere • thus reducing global warming. • Carbon storage is not yet cost-effective • Required technologies are already proven • Similar technologies used commercially in food and chemicals industry http://www.worldcoal.org

  35. Goals of Carbon Sequestration • Effective and cost-competitive • Stable, long term storage • Environmentally benign http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  36. Carbon Capture • Absorption (chemical and physical) • Adsorption (physical and chemical) • Low-temperature distillation • Gas separation membranes • Mineralization and biomineralization http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  37. Carbon Sequestration Options http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

  38. Types of Carbon Sequestration • Geologic Sequestration • Ocean Sequestration • Terrestrial Sequestration • Novel Sequestration Concepts http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  39. Geologic Sequestration • Porous rock bodies surrounded by impermeable rock are ideal for CO2 storage • Oil and gas reservoirs • Inject CO2 to improve recovery • Coal bed methane • Inject CO2 into coal seams to extract methane • Inject into deep saline (salt) formations • No direct economic benefit http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  40. Geologic Sequestration http://www.midcarb.org/Graphics/CO2flooding.gif

  41. Ocean Sequestration • Ice-like CO2/H2O (water) hydrates • Form in the deep ocean at low temperatures and high pressures • Oceans will naturally absorb 80-90% of CO2 in atmosphere • Eventually transferred to deep ocean • Too slow to prevent CO2 spike in next 100s years • Research investigating direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  42. Ocean Sequestration http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

  43. Terrestrial Sequestration • Forest lands. • Below-ground carbon and long-term management and utilization of standing stocks, understory, ground cover, and litter. • Agricultural lands. • Crop lands, grasslands, and range lands • Emphasis on increasing long-lived soil carbon. • Biomass croplands • Increase soil carbon and value-added organic products • Complement to ongoing efforts related to biofuels,the • Deserts and degraded lands • Restoration of degraded lands significant benefits and carbon sequestration potential in both below-and above-ground systems. • Boreal wetlands and peatlands • Soil carbon pools • Limited conversion to forest or grassland where ecologically acceptable. http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/core_rd/storage.html

  44. Terrestrial Sequestration Click image for video clip http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/MediaResources/Carbon/global_biosphere.mpeg

  45. Novel CS Concepts • Biological systems; • Advanced catalysts for CO2 or CO conversion; • Novel solvents, sorbents, membranes, and thin films for gas separation; • Engineered photosynthesis systems; • Non-photosynthetic mechanisms for CO2 fixation (methanogenesis and acetogenesis); • Genetic manipulation of agricultural and tree to enhance CO2 sequestering potential; • Advanced decarbonization systems; and • Biomimetic systems. http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  46. Carbon Sequestration http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/sequestration

  47. Federal Initiatives

  48. DOE Vision 21 http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

  49. DOE Vision 21 • By 2015, develop the core modules for a fleet of fuel-flexible, multi-product energy plants that boost power efficiencies to 60+ percent, emit virtually no pollutants, and with carbon sequestration release minimal or no carbon emissions. • Wide variety of fuels such as coal, natural gas, biomass, petroleum coke (from oil refineries), and municipal waste http://www.fossil.energy.gov/programs/powersystems/vision21/

  50. Vision 21 Multidisciplinary http://www.netl.doe.gov/

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