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This text explores the importance of atoms and their contribution to living things. It examines the relationship between shape and function, the role of isotopes, chemical bonding, and the concept of energy in biochemical reactions.
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What are atoms? What do you think atoms do to contribute to living things? Do you think the shape of something helps to determine its function (what it does)? Why or why not? What happens if the shape of something changes? Will it still have the same function? Ch. 6 – BiochemistryQuestions of the Day...
Ch. 6 – Biochemistry • Atoms • Building blocks of matter • Make up EVERYTHING! • Protons = + (in nucleus) • Neutrons = 0 (in nucleus) • Electrons = - (in orbitals) • Equal # of protons and neutrons in a nucleus • # of electrons = # protons then the atom does not have a charge
Ch. 6 - Biochemistry • QUESTION! • When specific numbers of protons and neutrons gather together and electrons orbit them...this generates a substance with its own unique properties (things that it can do). What do you think this substance is called?
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Elements • Substance made up of 1 atom that can't be broken down and has its own unique properties. • Organized on the Periodic Table according to atomic number. • Atomic number = # of protons • Proton # = Neutron # in a stable atom • CHON <= elements that make up living systems
Radioactive isotopes = the same as isotopes, but when the element breaks down, radiation is released. # of neutrons determines how fast it breaks down Carbon dating Radiometric dating How we know how old the earth is. Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Isotopes = elements with a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons. Have the same chemical properties
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • QUESTION! • If you have the new Batman XBOX game, your friend has the new Assassin's Creed game, you both like these games, and you both want to play each game... What could you do to help each other in reaching that goal of playing both games? • Similarly, if atoms have electrons that each other want/need, what do you think they do in order to meet that need?
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Compounds – a combination of 2 or more different elements that make a new substance with new properties! • Molecule - 2 or more atoms combined together...can be the same element.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Chemical Bonds are forces that hold atoms together. • Covalent Bonds (share electrons) • Single – 2 shared electrons • Double – 4 shared electrons • Triple – 6 shared electrons
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • QUESTION! • If a friend were to take your latest Batman XBOX game, what would you do? • Similarly...If an atom takes an electron from another atom, what do you think happens?
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Ionic bond – electrons hop from one atom to another... • This causes a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other. • Opposites attract! The positively charged atom then is attracted to the negatively charged atom
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Chemical reactions – Makes a new substance with new properties. • Physical change – a change in the physical form, but the properties of the substance stay the same. • Reactants = ingredients to the reaction • Products = substance that is made • Sodium by itself is explosive. Chlorine is poisonous. Together they make table salt.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • QUESTION! • Your 16th birthday is approaching and you want a new car. Cars require an investment of money...they are NOT FREE! • The car you want costs a flat $10,000. You currently have $5,000. What do you need in order to get your car? How soon do you think you could get it?
Living things have to pay an investment in energy in order for their reactions happen in order to survive... Adenosine Tri-phosphate – energy molecule Ch. 6 Biochemistry • ENERGY! • All living things need energy in order for their chemical reactions to occur! • Activation energy = energy needed to start a reaction. • Reactions can be expensive and require lots of activation energy.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • ENERGY! • Endothermic reaction – absorbs heat. (endo – enters) • The cost of energy starts the reaction. • The energy level with the products is higher than the reactants.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • ENERGY! • Exothermic reaction – releases heat. (exo – exits) • The cost of energy starts the reaction. • The energy released with the products is lower than the reactants.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • QUESTION! • In the case of your $10,000 car for your 16th birthday, what if you had a rich uncle who could give you the other $5,000? How soon could you get your car then?
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Catalysts – speeds up reactions by lowering the activation energy. (the cost) • Enzymes – biological catalysts that do not get used up in a reaction. • Every enzyme is a catalyst, but not every catalyst is an enzyme! • Enzymes ALL END IN ASE (polymerASE) • Where the substrate (reactants) attach is the “active site” • Enzymes bring the reactants together in order to start the reaction.
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur. • Just like the rich uncle, the enzyme lowers that cost of energy making the products happen SOON!' • Without your rich uncle enzyme to lower this cost, your reactions may never happen!
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • QUESTION! • What would happen if the enzyme changes shape? • Would the reaction still happen? • What would happen if something other than the substrate fit perfectly into the enzyme?
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • Conclusion! • All things are made up of atoms • Elements are substances that can be broken down any further. • Elements combine in chemical reactions to make compounds through ionic and covalent bonds causing them to have new properties. • Activation energy is the cost of energy for reactions to happen. • Enzymes are biological catalysts that lower this cost. • Enzymes and substrates can work like a lock and key. If the lock (enzyme) changes the key (substrate) won't fit!
Ch. 6 Biochemistry • TASKS! • Draw an atom and label its parts with their charges. • Discuss how covalent bonds are different from ionic bonds. • Describe in words how an enzyme influences a reaction. (Or draw an energy diagram of it labeling the parts) • Discuss why enzymes are essential (required) in our bodies in order for our reactions to happen. What would happen if we didn't have enzymes?
