The New Imperialism: Domination and Impact in the 19th Century

1. One country’s domination over the political, economic and social life of another country The “new” imperialism occurred especially from 1800-1914. Imperialism

2. Reasons for imperialism: • 1. need for raw materials • 2. need for new markets • 3. nationalism • 4. investment opportunities • “white man’s burden”/Christianize/socialize

3. White Man’s Burden • Written by Rudyard Kipling (British) • Originally published in February 1899 • Justifies imperialism as a noble enterprise

4. Black Man’s Burden • African Americans, among many others, objected to the notion of the “white man’s burden.”

5. Who were the imperial powers/”mother countries”? • European countries (primarily)

6. Where did they extend their imperial empire? • Africa, Asia, Latin America

7. What do you think the Industrial Revolution had to do with helping to bring about the Age of Imperialism?

8. Main imperial forms: • Colony: territory ruled directly; European settlers desired farmland, minerals, etc. • Protectorate: kept its own government but foreign officials guided its policies • Sphere of influence: region where an imperialist power held exclusive investment or trading rights

9. Positives of Imperialism • New constitutions formed in some countries • Protection by the mother country (sometimes in times of war) • Increased standard for education, schools were built • Introduced to better technology and production techniques • Foreign Loans (could be + or -) • Built roads, railroads, infrastructure

10. Negatives of Imperialism • No stable government (violence with overthrowing, struggle for power) • Exploitation of resources (ex. Peru, Spain takes precious metals) • Oppression of the people • Indigenous peoples have less control over politics and economy • No stable economy after independence • No idea how to rule afterward • Destruction of culture (including language, religion)

11. Imperialism • “The sun never sets on the British Empire”

12. Imperialism in China • Substance which opened China to trade • Opium War (1839-1842) • ”unequal treaties” • Treaty of Nanjing • France, Germany, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, the US and Japan later conducted similar unequal treaties • Extraterritoriality – British subjects not subject to Chinese laws • dismantling of the tribute system releasing Korea, Vietnam, Burma/Myanmar • Spheres of influence

13. Role of “Open Door Policy” • http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/310849?terms=Open+Door+Policy • Rebellions • Taiping (1850-1864) almost dismantled the Qing/Manchu rule since 1644 • Boxer Rebellion/put down by 6 of the 8 “Great” Powers (not Austria, Italy)

14. Taiping Rebellion

15. Attempts at reform: • Self-Strengthening Movement (1860+) • Confucian values with stable agriculture • modern shipyards, railroads, weapons, steel industry • academics for scientific knowledge • Hundred Days Reforms (1898) • 1912 Qing collapse

16. Imperialism in Japan • Problems: Tokugawa weak, famine, foreign pressures for increased trade • Role of Matthew Perry (1853) • “Unequal treaties” with 5 nations • Opened Japanese ports to foreign commerce, deprived the government of control over tariffs, and granted foreigners extraterritorial rights

17. Revolt unseated the shogun and “restored” 15-year-old emperor Meiji to power

18. Meiji Restoration/reforms • Feudal structure since 1185 ended, constitutional monarchy with legislature, freedom of movement/end to “closed country” policies, railroads, factories • Copied navy from _____ • Copied army from _____ • Revised tax structure from grain to fixed-money • modern currency system • postal networks, telegraph networks • growing population provided cheap labor • refrained from foreign loans • improved literacy • 7th Great Power

19. Sino-Japanese War: Formosa/Taiwan, Korea • Russo-Japanese War: Manchuria/Port Arthur

20. Imperialism in India • Role of British/French East India Companies • Mughal decline • “The brightest jewel in the British crown” • Why were Indians not successful in resisting the British? • Lack of unity/nationalism • Hindu vs. Muslim • Use of sepoys/Sepoy Rebellion • Advantages to India • Hunger problems switching from wheat to cotton

21. Central Asia & Southeast Asia • “Great Game” between Russia and Britain, especially

22. In East Indies: • Spices (coffee, pepper, cinnamon, sugar, indigo, tea, tin, copper, ebony/teak/hardwood trees) • The Dutch/the Netherlands (Dutch East India Company) • In Philippines: • US from Spain • In Burma/Myanmar: • Britain • In Malaya: • Britain • In Indochina: • Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia/Kampuchea (France)

23. Significance of Thailand/Siam: • Independent – buffer zone between British and French control • Australia: • Britain

24. Imperialism in Africa • “dark continent” • Race for conquest • Berlin Conference 1884-1885 (14 European countries, US, no Africans) • 7 European countries carve up Africa • David Livingstone/Henry Stanley: Belgian Congo • Rhodesia • British discovery of diamonds and gold • Dutch Boers/Afrikaners/Zulu (Afrikaners mainly Dutch, German, French) • Egypt

25. 2 countries remained free: • Liberia: for freed slaves; later, Marcus Garvey “back to Africa” in 1920s • Ethiopia: British, French, Italian interest/role of Menelik II

26. Imperialism in Latin America • US role: • Monroe Doctrine • Spanish-American War in 1898: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines • “Roosevelt Corollary” • Neo-colonialism • ECONOMIC • Role of US and Britain

27. “For the first time in human history, the world became in many ways a single unit.” - McKay