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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience. Some Questions of Interest. What are the fundamental structures and processes of the human brain? How do researchers study the major structures and processes of the brain? What have researchers found as a result of studying the brain?. Anatomy of the Brain.

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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

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  1. Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

  2. Some Questions of Interest • What are the fundamental structures and processes of the human brain? • How do researchers study the major structures and processes of the brain? • What have researchers found as a result of studying the brain?

  3. Anatomy of the Brain

  4. Anatomy of the Brain • Forebrain • Cerebral cortex • Basal ganglia • Motor movement • Limbic system

  5. Anatomy of the Limbic System • Septum & Amygdala • Involved in anger, aggression, fear • Hippocampus • memories • Thalamus • Relays sensory information to the cerebral cortex • Hypothalamus • 4 F’s

  6. Midbrain • Helps to control eye movement and coordination • Reticular activating system • Controls respiration, cardiovascular function, digestion, alertness, and sleep • Brain stem • Vital in basic attention, arousal, and consciousness

  7. Hindbrain • Medulla Oblongata • Breathing, swallowing, and digestion • Pons • Relay station • Cerebellum • Motor coordination, posture, and maintaining balance

  8. 0 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

  9. Cerebral Cortex • Contralaterality • Corpus Callosum • Neural fibers connecting left and right lobes • Allows communication between right and left side

  10. Cerebral Cortex: localization and specialization

  11. Hemispheric Activity Interferes With Ability to Work a Counter

  12. Specialization of Left Hemisphere • Wernicke’s area vs. Broca’s area

  13. Split-Brain Demonstration What would a split-brain patient say they saw? What would a split-brain patient point to with their left hand?

  14. Brain Disorders • http://www.ted.com/talks/vilayanur_ramachandran_on_your_mind.html Capgrass syndrome Phantom limb Synesthesia

  15. Structure of a Neuron

  16. Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers • Acetylcholine = associated with Alzheimer’s disease • Dopamine = associated with schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease • Serotonin = associated with anorexia

  17. Group Reaction Time and Neural Speed

  18. Viewing Structures and Functions of the Brain

  19. Animal Studies • Single-cell recordings • Selective lesioning • Genetic knockout procedures • Create animals that lack certain kinds of cells or receptors in the brain

  20. Human Studies • Electrical recordings • Event-related potential (ERP)

  21. Human Studies • Static imaging techniques • Angiogram CT scan; MRI scan

  22. Metabolic Imaging • Positron emission tomography (PET) • Radioactive material is injected or inhaled • Participant is then scanned to produce an image of the brain’s activity

  23. Metabolic Imaging • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) • Takes a series of images of the brain in quick succession • Brain areas with more blood flow have been shown to have better visibility

  24. Metabolic Imaging • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) • Temporarily disrupt functioning of a particular brain area • An electrical current passes through a coil on person’s head, generating a magnetic field

  25. Metabolic Imaging Magnetoencephalography (MEG) • Measures activity of the brain from outside the head by picking up magnetic fields emitted by changes in brain activity

  26. Brain Disorders • Stroke • Brain tumor • Head injuries http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html

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