UNIT 21: PUBLIC international law

1. UNIT 21:PUBLIC internationallaw English for Lawyers IV Snježana Husinec, PhD; shusinec@pravo.hr

2. Publicinternationallaw vs. Privateinternationallawm.Remember the differencesbetweenpublicandprivateinternationallawandfillin the table.Whyisinternationallawsometimesreferred to as ¨softlaw¨?

3. Classify the following areas of law into public or private international law. adoption --- arms control --- contractual relations divorce --- environmental issues --- human rights immigration --- international crime --- maritime law piracy --- war crimes --- asylum

4. Public international law • Thinkof some reallifesituationsinwhich internationalcooperationandinternationallaw mayconcernyoupersonallyand can make yourlifeeasier.

5. Public international law Examples: • When you’re travelling to another country without being burdened about visa, it’s international law in effect. The visa-waiver agreement is a form of international cooperation and treaty-making practice of states. • When you’re travelling abroad and are treated in the same manner as the nationals of that state, it’s international law in effect. You can also start a business there, although there may be more paperwork needed than if you’re a national, you will still enjoy the same rights as the nationals - it’s international law. • When you’re studying in another country and your life is made a lot easier thanks to the embassy of your home state there, it’s international law in effect. Diplomatic cooperation enables your state to establish an embassy so that you don’t have to go back to your home state just to ask for an official stamp or information about immigration. • When, if you’re an Indonesian, you can buy an iPhone 7, it’s international law in effect. Should there be no international trade cooperation and if Indonesia was not a party of an international organization that is WTO, you would not be able to enjoy the luxury of using Apple devices.

6. Regulating Relations between States • Read the textand provide eachsectionwithanappropriatesubtitle. • Definitionofpublicinternationallaw • Hierarchyofsourcesofinternationallaw • Sourcesofinternationallaw • International law vs. Domesticlaw • International legalpersonality • Some areasofinternationallaw • State responsibility • Use offorce

7. Public international law • Readsections 1 and 2 andcomplete the followingstatements: A) International lawis __________________________________ _____________________________________________________ B) International legalpersonalityentails • ______________________________________ • ______________________________________ • ______________________________________ C) ________________ havefullinternationallegalpersonality. __________________ have a degreeofinternationalpersonality. __________________ havelimitedproceduralcapacitygiven to thembystates

8. Culpability of individuals under international law • The treaty-basedandcustomarylawapplicableinbothinternationalandinternalconflictsalsogoverns the conductofindividuals–INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY • Genevaconventions make frequent reference to the actsofindividuals(the obligation to ensurerespect for the provisionsofhumanitarianlawrequires the statenotonly to ensurethatitsagentsrespect the provisions, but all the peopleunderitsjurisdiction). • Crimesthatcanjustifiablybeprosecutedandpunishedbyinternationalcommunity: a) GENOCIDE b) WAR CRIMES c) CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY = unlawful acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population(murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, arbitrary detention, torture, rape, persecution on political, racial and religious grounds, rapeandenforcedprostitutionand other inhumane acts).

9. Hierarchy of international law • What, do youthink, isthehierarchyofthesourcesofinternationallaw? • Readsection 4 andestablishthehierarchyofinternationallaw: • _________________________ • _________________________ • _________________________ • _________________________ • _________________________

10. Sources of international law Primarysources: • International agreements • Customs • General principlesoflaw Secondarysources: • Judicialdecisions (caselaw) - (have no bindingforce) • Writingsofjurists

11. Primary sources - International agreements • bindonly the parties to it • establishedby • the UNITED NATIONS - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights • The Charter of the United Nations etc. • through INTERNATIONAL TREATIES - The Geneva Conventions on the conduct of war or armed conflict - The UNESCOConventionagainstDiscriminationinEducation - The World Trade Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control - ViennaConvention on the LawofTreatiesetc.

12. The main types of international agreements Treaty = an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments; Bilateral treaties, Multilateral treaties – (eg. ViennaConvention on the LawofTreaty 1969) - ifratifiedbinding on the parties Charter = constituenttreatiesofinternationalorganizations(an institution or committee); they are the guiding rules and regulations for the functioning of that institutionand also might lay down certain limitations for outsiders or participating countries(eg. UN Charter, ICJ Charter ) Convention = 1. (broadermeaning ) allinternationalagreements = 2. ( specificmeaning) formal multilateral treaties with a broad number of parties; open for participation by the international community as a whole, or by a large number of states. Usually the instruments negotiated under the auspices of an international organization (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969)

13. Primary sources – Customary international law • comes from the usual behavior of states towards each other • arule is identified on the basis that states usually act in a certain way, and do so out of a sense of obligation • an important source of international law because it binds all nations, and so is not limited in its application, as a treaty is, by reference to who has ratified it or acceded to it The elements of custom are: • uniform and consistent and general state practice over time; and • the belief that such practice is obligatory Exampleofcustomaryinternationallaw: -the law of piracy • the doctrine ofnon-refoulment • granting of immunity for visiting heads of state.

14. Primary sources – General principles of law • GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW –general principles of fairness and justice which are applied universally in legal systems around the world 1. Rulesofinternationallawwhich are ofsobroad a descriptionthattheycanbecalledprinciples 2. Maximsofuniversalapplicationindomesticlawwhichhave to beappliedininterantionaldisputes as well • (“general principles of law recognized by civilized nations” are includedinArticle 38 of theInternationalCourt of Justice Statute ). • used primarily as "gap fillers" when treaties or customary international law do not provide a rule

15. Primary sources – General principles o law Examples: • Theruleagainstbias („Nemoiudexincausasua” – ‘No one shouldbe a judgeinhisowncase’) • Theprincipleofreparation • Theprincipleofstate’sresponsibilityfor itsagents • Theruleofgoodfaith • Thedoctrineofnecessityandself-defence • ….

16. International law vs. Domestic law • What are, inyouropinion, differencesbetweendomestic/nationalandinternationallaw? • Read the section on Internatinallaw vs. Domesticlaw andfind the featuresofinternationallaw whichdistinguishitfrominternationallaw.

17. International law vs. Domestic law • Read the section on Internatinallaw vs. Domesticlawandfind the featuresofinternationallawwhichdistinguishitfrominternationallaw: • Decentralizedandbased on consent • No internationallegislatureenactingbindigrules • No internationalexecutiveenforcinginternationallaws • No compulsoryjudicial system (acceptanceofjurisdictionisvoluntary)

18. Enforcement of public international law • no compulsoryjudicial system; acceptanceofitsjurisdiction - based on consent, voluntary • judicialtribunalsincertainareas (e.g. trade, human rights)

19. State responsibility and the Use of force • Read the lastthreesectionsof the textandanswer the followingquestions: • Whatisstateresponsibility? • Whatis the aimofreparationin the event ofbreachofinternationallaw? • How isaggressionclasifiedunderinternationallaw? • Is the right to self-defenceguaranteed to statesunderanycircumstances? • Can the use offorceeverbejustifiable?

20. Vocabulary practice I • Do ex. IV on p. 214. Translate the collocationsinto Croatian. • Findin the text the English equivalents for the followinglegaltermsandexpressions. • procesna sposobnost za traženje obeštećenja = • smatrati odgovornim za neispunjenje dužnosti= • odredba međunarodnog ugovora = • izričiti pristanak država = • biti uređen međunarodnim ugovorima = • poštivanje međunarodnog prava = • obveza nadoknade štete = • održati ili ponovno uspostaviti međunarodni mir i sigurnost = • upotrijebiti silu =

21. Vocabulary practice I - Key • Do ex. IV and V on p. 214. • Findin the text the English equivalents for the followinglegaltermsandexpressions. • procesna sposobnost za traženje obeštećenja = proceduralcapacity to seekredress • smatrati odgovornim za neispunjenje dužnosti = to beheldaccountable for non-fulfillmentofduties • odredba međunarodnog ugovora = a provisionof a treaty • izričiti pristanak država = expressconsentofstates • biti uređen međunarodnim ugovorima = to begovernedbytreaties • poštivanje međunarodnog parva = observanceofinternationallaw • obveza nadoknade štete = obligation to make reparation • održati međunarodni mir i sigurnost = to maintainorrestoreinternationalpeaceandsecurity • upotrijebiti silu = to employ / use force

22. Vocabulary practice IIChange the following verb phrases into noun phrases.

23. Vocabulary practice II - keyChange the following verb phrases into noun phrases.

24. Extracts from the Vienna Convention on the law of treaties ReadtheextractsfromtheViennaconventionandanswerthequestions. • How canprovisionsofinternationallawbeincorporatedintonationallegislation? • Why are definitionsimportantininternationalagreements? • Find the general principlesofinternationallawmentionedin the introductorypartof the Convetnion. • FindinSection 3, Article 31 the principlesthatwillbeappliedin the interpretaionof the Convention. • How shouldtreatiesauthenticatedindifferentlangugesbeinterpreted?

25. Vocabularypractice III - Whatiswhatin a treaty-makingprocess? Match the termsandtheirdefinitions.

26. Vocabularypractice III – key