Heredity

1. Heredity 2012-2013

2. Your Physical Appearance • Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to an offspring. • Gregor Mendel was the first scientist to successfully study inheritance • He is the “Father of Genetics”

3. Why Pea Plants? • Mendel use Garden Pea Plants for his research because: • They grow quickly • They naturally self-pollinate

4. Mendel’s Success • Mendel was successful with his pea plant research because: • he studied one trait at a time! (independent variable) • He had studied statistics *A trait is a distinct phenotypic characteristic that may be inherited

5. Pea Plant Traits • Flower Color • Flower Position • Seed Color • Seed Shape • Pod Shape • Pod Color • Plant Height

6. The Experiment • Mendel began by taking pure trait plants and cross-pollinating them • He did this by hand, not with bees!

7. The Experiment Part I (Example 1) Plant height Mendel crossed a Tall parent plant with a short parent plant: Tall x short = All Tall TT x tt = Tt parent 1 x parent 1 = First Filial (F1)

8. The Experiment Part I (Example 2) Flower Color Mendel crossed a Purple parent plant with a white parent plant: Purple x white = All Purple PP x pp = Pp parent 1 x parent 1 = First Filial (F1)

9. The Experiment Part II • He wondered why one trait disappeared when he crossed the two pure plants • He decided to allow the new F1 plants to naturally self-pollinate and here is what he found……..

10. Example 1- Plant Height F1 Tall plants self-pollinate and produce: 75% Tall Plants 25% short plants

11. Example 2 - Flower Color F1 Purple Flower color plants self-pollinate and produce: 75% Purple flowers 25% white flowers

12. Mendel’s Conclusion • The Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness states that one trait is more likely to occur than the other. • Dominant is a trait that is most likely to occur • Recessive is a trait that is usually hidden in the first generation, but may reappear later

13. Probability • The chance or possibility that a certain outcome will occur. Usually written as: • Fractions • Decimals

14. Genotype- the genetic make-up of an organism (TT, Tt, tt) Phenotype- the physical appearance of an organim (Tall, short, Purple, white) Dominant- more likely to occur (The tall plants or the purple flowers) Recessive- less likely to occur (The short plants or the white flowers) Let’s Learn a New Language..

15. Let’s Learn a New Language.. • Homozygous- when both alleles are the SAME • Homozygous Dominant: TT, PP, WW • Homozygous Recessive: tt, pp, ww • Heterozygous- when each allele is DIFFERENT • Tt, Pp, Ww

16. Let’s Learn a New Language.. • An Allele is an alternate form of a gene; one part of a pair • A Gene is composed of two alleles, one from each parent Allele + Allele = Gene T(mom) + t(dad) = Tt(child)

18. Punnett Squares • Developed by Rudolph Punnett to make genetics easier for us to understand

19. Genetics Example 1 In garden pea plants, tall plants are dominant (T) and short plants are recessive (t). A pea plant that is homozygous dominant for height is crossed with one that is homozygous recessive for plant height. • Draw a Punnett square to represent the problem. • What are the possible genotypes? • What are the possible phenotypes? • What is the probability of each genotype? • What is the probability of each phenotype?

20. Genotypes • Phenotypes • Probability of genotypes • Probability of phenotypes

21. Genetics Example 2 In garden pea plants, purple flower color (P) is dominant over white flower color (p). A pea plant that is homozygous recesive for flower color is crossed with one that is heterozygous for flower color. • Draw a Punnett square to represent the problem. • What are the possible genotypes? • What are the possible phenotypes? • What is the probability of each genotype? • What is the probability of each phenotype?

22. Genotypes • Phenotypes • Probability of genotypes • Probability of phenotypes

23. Genetics Examples In garden pea plants, yellow seeds (Y) are dominant and green seeds (y) are recessive. What offspring would result if two heterozygous plants were crossed? • Draw a Punnett square to represent the problem. • What are the possible genotypes? • What are the possible phenotypes? • What is the probability of each genotype? • What is the probability of each phenotype?

24. Genotypes • Phenotypes • Probability of genotypes • Probability of phenotypes

25. More Genetics

26. Incomplete Dominance • Sometimes one trait is not completely dominant over the other • The same letter allele is used • Red x White = Pink RR x R’R’ = RR’ • This results with a combined genotype • Snap dragons

27. Codominance • Sometimes both traits are equally dominant • Different letter alleles are used • Black x White = Checkered BB x WW = BW • This results in both traits being expressed • Checkered Chickens

28. Alternate forms of Genetics • Gregor Mendel studied simple genetic inheritance: • Offspring were either dominant or recessive • But not all traits are simple!!

29. Thomas Hunt Morgan • Studied Fruit Flies • Discovered • Gender inheritance • Other traits associated with gender

30. Gender • Gender is always determined by the male

31. Sex-linked Traits • Some traits are only located on the “X” chromosome • Since Males only have one “x” chromosome, they are more likely to show the trait than a female with two “x” chromosomes

32. Sex-linked Traits • Colorblindness • Hemophilia • Muscular dystrophy

33. Other Types of Inheritance Insert chart here

34. Meiosis • Meiosis is the formation of gametes in sexually reproducing organisms • Sperm (male) • Egg (female)

35. Benefits of Meiosis • Forms gametes (sex cells) • Allows for genetic variation • Reduces the number of chromosomes by half • Human body cells 46 chromosome • Human sex cells 23 chromosome • Allows the chromosome number of any organism to remain consistent

36. Haploid vs Diploid • Haploid cells contain 1 set of chromosomes (23 total in humans) • Sperm • Egg • Diploid cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes (46 total in humans) • One set from mom • One set from dad

37. Meiosis

38. Male vs Female Meiosis

39. Karyotype • A karyotype is a picture of someone’s chromosomes

40. Male Karyotype

41. Female Karyotype

42. What do you think?

43. Genetic Disorders • Genetic disorders are caused by mutations in DNA • Mutations that occur spontaneously • Congenital ( people are born with them) • Unable to cure • Can occur in children even when parents do not have them (recessive traits)

44. Genetic Counselors • Genetic counselors are available for people who fear passing genetic disorders to their offspring • Cystic fibrosis • Sickle-cell anemia • Huntington’s disease • Down’s syndrome • Many others • They begin with making a pedigree to observe the family history of traits

45. Pedigree • A pedigree is a map of a family genetic history

46. Genetics in Action Selective Breeding Genetic Engineering

47. Genetics Terminology • Purebred organisms result from crossing two organims with similar traits • Hybrids are produced when two organisms with different traits are combined

48. Advantages Predictable outcome Example: Dog breeds Lab x Lab = Lab LL x LL = LL Disadvantages Undesirable traits are possible A lack of genetic variation will result Purebred

49. Advantages Variety of traits may appear Can encourage desirable traits to occur Example: kiwi x strawberry = kiwiberry Disadvantage Unpredictable outcomes are likely Hybrids

50. Selective Breeding • Selective breeding involves the crossing of organisms with desired traits to maximize their potential • Fruits • Vegetables • Flowers • Livestock • Insulin