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Understanding Matter: Pure Substances, Mixtures & Elements

Explore the classifications of matter, like pure substances and mixtures, alongside the periodic table's elements, metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Learn about solutions, phases, and separating mixtures effectively.

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Understanding Matter: Pure Substances, Mixtures & Elements

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  1. Chapter 1 Classification of Matter Part 3

  2. Classification of Matter

  3. Classification of Matter

  4. Pure Substances • A pure substance has a fixed composition. • Pure substances are either compounds or elements. • A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways: • Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. • Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition.

  5. Mixtures • A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties • mixed together physically • can usually be separated • Heterogeneous • Homogeneous

  6. Heterogeneous mixtures • Are not uniform in composition. • Examples: • Sand and salt • Sand and water

  7. Homogeneous mixtures • Uniform in composition, • Example: • Salt and water • Nitrogen and oxygen in air. • Copper and silver in sterling silver.

  8. Which is which?

  9. Solutions • Homogeneous mixtures are also known as solutions. • Any part of a mixture with uniform composition is known as a phase. • Salt and water: one phase • Oil and water: 2 phases

  10. Parts of a solution

  11. The odor of a solid results from molecules of that solid being dissolved in the air Oxygen and other gases in nitrogen (air) Water vapor in air (humidity) Ethanol (common alcohol) in water; various hydrocarbons in each other (petroleum) Carbon dioxide in water (carbonated water) Sucrose (table sugar) in water; sodium chloride (table salt) in water; gold in mercury, forming an amalgam Hydrogen dissolves rather well in metals; platinum has been studied as a storage medium Water in activated charcoal; moisture in wood Steel, duralumin, other metal alloys

  12. Separating mixtures • Physical means are used to separate mixtures. • Pick it out • Use a magnet • But there are other physical means

  13. Other methods:

  14. What other Physical methods? • Filtration • Evaporation • Any method that does not change the physicals properties of the substances.

  15. Pure Substances • Pure Substances are either Compounds or Elements. • Compounds are chemically bound elements. They can be broken down into elements. • Elements cannot be broken down further.

  16. Periodic Table

  17. Symbols • A chemical symbol is an abbreviation of the name of a chemical element. • Natural elements all have symbols of one or two letters. • Some man-made elements have temporary symbols of three letters.

  18. Regions of the Periodic Table

  19. Introduction to the Periodic Table • The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups, or families. • Each group contains elements with similar chemical properties. • The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table are called periods. • Physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period.

  20. Types of Elements • Metals • A metalis an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor. • Properties of metals • most are solids at room temperature • malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets • ductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire • conduct electricity and heat well

  21. Chapter 1 Types of Elements • Metals • A metal is an element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor. • Properties of metals • most are solids at room temperature • malleable - they can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets • ductile - they can be drawn into a fine wire • conduct electricity and heat well

  22. Section3 Elements Chapter 1 Types of Elements • Gold, copper, and aluminum are metals

  23. Chapter 1 Types of Elements • Nonmetals • A nonmetal is an element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. • Properties of nonmetals • many are gases • solids are brittle • poor conductors of heat and electricity

  24. Chapter 1 Types of Elements • Various nonmetal elements • (a) carbon, (b) sulfur, (c) phosphorus, and (d) iodine

  25. Chapter 1 Types of Elements • Metalloids • A metalloidis an element that has some characteristics of metals and some characteristics of nonmetals. • Properties of metalloids • all metalloids are solids at room temperature • semiconductors of electricity

  26. Section3 Elements Chapter 1 Types of Elements Noble Gases • generally unreactive • elements in Group 8A of the periodic table • gases at room temperature

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