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Chapter 3 Generating Evidence: Key Concepts and Steps in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Chapter 3 Generating Evidence: Key Concepts and Steps in Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Key Terms Used in Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Variable. A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, i.e., something that varies from one person to the next Examples:

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Chapter 3 Generating Evidence: Key Concepts and Steps in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

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  1. Chapter 3Generating Evidence: Key Concepts and Steps in Qualitative and Quantitative Research

  2. Key Terms Used in Quantitative and Qualitative Research

  3. Variable A characteristic or quality that takes on different values, i.e., something that varies from one person to the next Examples: • Blood type • Weight • Length of stay in hospital

  4. Types of Variables • Continuous (e.g., height) • Discrete (e.g., number of children) • Categorical (e.g., marital status) • Dichotomous (e.g., gender) • Attribute variable vs. Active variable

  5. Types of Variables (cont’d) Independent variable—the presumed cause (of a dependent variable) Dependent variable—the presumed effect (of an independent variable) Example: Smoking (IV)  Lung cancer (DV)

  6. Definitions of Concepts and Variables • Conceptual definition: the abstract or theoretical meaning of a concept being studied • Operational definition: the operations (measurements) a researcher must perform to collect the desired information

  7. Relationships Relationship: a bond or connection between variables • Cause-and-effect (causal) relationship (e.g., cigarette smoking and lung cancer) • Functional (associative) relationship (e.g., gender and life expectancy)

  8. Major Classes of Quantitative Research Experimental research Researchers actively introduce an intervention or treatment Nonexperimental research Researchers collect data without intervening or introducing treatments

  9. Major Research Traditions in Qualitative Research • Grounded theory research • Phenomenological research • Ethnographic research

  10. Major Steps in a Quantitative Study 1.Formulating the problem 2. Reviewing related literature 3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork 4. Defining the framework and developing conceptual definitions 5. Formulating hypotheses

  11. Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (cont’d) • Selecting a research design • Developing intervention protocols • Identifying the population • Designing the sample plan

  12. Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (cont’d) • Specifying methods to measure research variables and collect data • Developing methods to protect human/animal rights • Finalizing and reviewing the research plan

  13. Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (cont’d) • Collecting data • Preparing data for analysis 15. Analyzing the data 16. Interpreting results

  14. Major Steps in a Quantitative Study (cont’d) • Communicating the findings • Utilizing findings in practice

  15. Activities in a Qualitative Study • Conceptualizing and planning the study • Conducting the study • Disseminating the findings

  16. Research Journal Articles Summarize the context, design, and results of a study; the primary method of disseminating research evidence

  17. Content of Journal Articles • Abstract • Introduction • Methodology • Results • Discussion

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