Church History and Christian Ministry

1. Church History and Christian Ministry Augustine (354 – 430) Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Martin Luther (1483 – 1546) Karl Barth (1886 – 1968)

2. Dominant Chapters of Middle Ages Frankish: 500 - 900 Germanic: 1000 - 1600

3. Dominant Chapters of Middle Ages Frankish: 500 - 900 410: Rome sacked 476: Rome falls: no western empire Church was the glue that held things together 500: Clovis converts – Frankish – Merovingian Dynasty 570: Birth of Mohammed – Arian influence in Palestine 632: Death of Mohammed

4. 622 – 632: Islamic world under Mohammed 632 – 661: Growth under first four Caliphs 661 – 732: Threat to Europe 732: Battle of Tours

5. Charles Martel (r. 732 – 741) Pepin the Short (741 – 768) Establishes Carolingian Dynasty Charlemagne (768 – 814) Pinnacle of Carolingian dynasty 800: crowned Roman emperor Frankish dominance breaks down after Charlemagne

6. The Christian World at the end of the Frankish Era Military threats are beginning to subside Augustine was dominant in late middle ages Otherworldly focus – art, music, architecture, etc.

8. The Christian World at the end of the Frankish Era Military threats are beginning to subside Augustine was dominant in late middle ages Otherworldly focus – art, music, architecture, etc. Islam becomes center of scientific learning – becomes more of an academic threat

9. Dominant Chapters of Middle Ages Frankish: 500 - 900 Germanic: 1000 - 1600 Otto I (962) – Crowned Holy Roman Emperor Missionary effects – 1000 (Vikings stop raiding) Islam has become threat intellectually – more than militarily 1095: Crusades – Urban II – authorizes first crusade

10. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Pilgrimages Long part of Christian practice Welcomed and encouraged by Islamic world

11. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Pilgrimages • Rise of the Seljuk Turks

12. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Pilgrimages • Rise of the Seljuk Turks Hard-line Islamic culture Drove out moderate Moslems Threatened Constantinople Emperor asked Pope for help

13. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Pilgrimages • Rise of the Seljuk Turks • Feudalism

14. The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Pilgrimages • Rise of the Seljuk Turks • Feudalism Restless population Restless warrior class Restless Pope

15. Effects of Crusades • Produced explosion of political change: Towns, Feudalism • Produced explosion of commerce and wealth: Banks, trade • Produced explosion of natural knowledge: Science, Aristotle • Produced explosion of invention and progress: Agriculture • Produced explosion of new scholarship: The sources All of which represented a challenge to the intellectual foundations of the Church and Christianity

16. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) Born in midst of Crusades Meets the skeptical attitudes of the day: Double Truths Equipolens Sketch of life Education Kidnapping Albert the Great Met the attack of Aristotle and used him Left an Aristotelian imprint on Catholic theology

17. Classical Synthesis Medieval epistemological model (Platonic / Augustinian) Grace (Higher truth, faith, revelation, supernatural reality) Nature (Lower truth, reason, science, natural reality) • Rising naturalistic pressure during Crusades • Produced skeptical attitudes in Christian Europe

18. Classical Synthesis Thomas’ Answer: The Articulus Mixtus Trinity Taught by revelation Grace God Exists Nature Confirmed by nature DNA • Motion • Necessary Being • Gradation • Design • Causation Question in Thomas – shift from epistemological to soteriological application?