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Cell Structure & Function

Discover the fascinating world of cell biology, understand the cell theory, and learn about crucial organelles found in eukaryotic cells such as the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and more. Unveil the roles and functions of these cellular components in maintaining life processes.

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Cell Structure & Function

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  1. Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html

  2. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

  3. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.

  4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell

  5. Activity 1:Match Me! • Cell membrane • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • EndoplasmicReticulum • Ribosomes • Vacuoles • Nuceuls A.Protein factories of the cell B.Manufacturers and shippers of the cell C.Doorway of the cell D.Storage tank of the cell E.Powerhouse of the cell F.The brain of the cell G. The suicidal bags of the cell

  6. “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif

  7. “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif

  8. Cell Parts • Organelles • are structures within a cell that perform specific functions like controlling cell growth and producing energy. • Plant and animal cells can contain similar types of organelles. However, certain organelles can only be found in plant cells and certain organelles can only be found in animal cells.

  9. Cell Parts • Organelles • Examples of organelles found in eukaryotic cells include: the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough ER), the Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and ribosomes.

  10. Surrounding the Cell

  11. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer of phospholipids and protein • Pictured as fluid mosaic model. • Semipermeable-allows selective substances to enter and leave the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  12. Also known as Plasma Membrane • Doorway of the cell • In animal cell it forms the outer covering of the cell, therefore it serves as boundary between the environment and the inside of the cell. • Provides protection and support for the cell.( unlike in plant cell, an animal cell does not have rigid cell wall. Instead, it contains a substance cholesterol that strengthens the cell membrane. • Helps control the movement of materials into and out of the cell

  13. Cell Wall • Most commonly found in plant cells & bacteria • Supports & protects cells http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  14. Inside the Cell

  15. Nucleus • THE CONTROL SYSTEM • a membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary (DNA) information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. • It is commonly the most prominent organelle in the cell. (Directs cell activities)

  16. Nucleus

  17. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  18. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  19. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  20. Cytoplasm • semi fluid, Gel-like mixture,that serves as a pool of raw materials. Most (70%) is water, and the rest is proteins (mostly), carbohydrates, and nucleotides, as well as their monomers. • Surrounded by cell membrane • Cell organelles are located • site of many metabolic reactions

  21. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

  22. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Manufacturers and shippers of the cell • It plays a major role in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and lipids • Long strand of membrane w/c forms a network of tiny canals / tubular passageway through the cells.

  23. Endoplasmic Reticulum • 2 types-depends on the presence of ribosome • Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes • manufactures lipids, contains enzymes that detoxify certain poisons, transports carbohydrates, lipids, and other non-proteins • Typically, the smooth ER is a tubule network

  24. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Rough ER: ribosomes embedded in surface •  rough ER is a series of flattened sacs. • It manufactures membranes and secretory proteins. 

  25. Ribosomes • Protein factories of the cell • Make proteins because of the RNA • Found on ER & floating throughout the cell

  26. Mitochondria-Power house of the cell • Produces energy(ATP) through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Have their own DNA

  27. Mitochondria-Power house of the cell • They are the sites of cellular respiration which ultimately generates fuel for the cell's activities.

  28. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  29. LYSOSOMES:SUICIDE BAGS Lyso-means “dissolving power” Some- means “body” Contain digestive enzymes (HYDROLYTIC ENZYME)

  30. Lysosome Functions – Aid in cell renewal – Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  31. Vacuoles:Storage tanks of the cell • Food and other materials needed by the cell re stored inside the vacuoles. • Also store waste products • Plant often have one very large vacuole,the main water-storage area.When full, they swell and make the cell plump that keeps the plant firm.

  32. Vacuoles http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  33. Chloroplast • Usually found in plant cells • Contains green chlorophyll • Where photosynthestakes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html

  34. Peroxisomes • Oxidizes and breaks down fatty acids and amino acids and detoxifies poisons • help to detoxify alcohol, form bile acid, and break down fats.​

  35. Cytoskeleton: 3-D network of small protein fibers. • Suspends organelles in the cytoplasm allowing movement • Three types: • a. Microfilaments - very fine structures • bind the cell • important in cell division & cell movement. • b. Intermediate fibers - help maintain cell shape • c. Microtubules - largest • maintain cell shape • form spindle fibers • make up cilia and flagella

  36. Flagella and Cilia • Cellular locomotion, movement of particles along extracellular surface of plasma membrane, and filtration . • cilia and flagella are protrusions from some cells that aid in cellular locomotion. • They are formed from specialized groupings of microtubules called basal bodies.

  37. Centrioles • Short, hollow cylinders • Composed of 27 microtubules • Microtubules arranged into 9 overlapping triplets • One pair per animal cell • Located in centrosome of animal cells • Oriented at right angles to each other • Separate during mitosis to determine plane of division • May give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella

  38. Label the animal cell

  39. Label the plant cell

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