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CHAPTER 21

The 1920s. CHAPTER 21. THE PROMISE OF CONSUMER CULTURE. CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ.

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CHAPTER 21

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  1. The 1920s CHAPTER 21 THE PROMISE OF CONSUMER CULTURE CREATED EQUAL JONES  WOOD  MAY  BORSTELMANN  RUIZ

  2. “Go to Florida, Where enterprise is enthroned. Where you sit and watch at twilight in the fronds of the graceful palm, latticed against the fading gold of the sun kissed sky.” Promotional ad, about 1925

  3. TIMELINE 1919 Volstead Act (Prohibition Bureau) 1920 Sacco and Vanzetti arrested for murder KDKA radio broadcast of Harding presidential win (1920s) Klan membership estimated at 5 million (mid-1920s) Film industry grosses $80 million per week 1921 Emergency Quota Act 1923 Alice Paul, the National Woman’s Party, begin work on ERA Approximately 500 radio stations in U.S. 1924 Johnson-Reid Act (cuts in immigration)

  4. TIMELINE continued 1925 The Scopes Trial, or “Monkey Trial” The Man Nobody Knows by Bruce Barton 1927 The Jazz Singer, the first “talkie” The National Broadcasting Company established The Great Flood 1929 (October) The Stock Market crashes and the Great Depression begins

  5. THE PROMISE OF CONSUMER CULTURE Overview • The Decline of Reform • Hollywood and Harlem: National Cultures in Black and White • Science on Trial • The Business of Politics • Consumer Dreams and Nightmares

  6. THE DECLINE OF REFORM • Women’s Rights in the Aftermath of Suffrage • Prohibition: The Experiment That Failed • Reactionary Impulses • Marcus Garvey and the Persistence of Civil Rights Activism

  7. Women’s Rights in the Aftermath of Suffrage • The League of Women Voters • Promotes social and political reform; opposes ERA • National Woman’s Party (Alice Paul) • Campaigns for ERA for women • Sheppard-Towner: health education for women and infants • Divorce rate doubled from 1900 to 1920 and continued to rise

  8. Prohibition: The Experiment That Failed • 18th Amendment: prohibits sale or making of alcohol. Volstead Act of 1919 • Enforcement difficult and gangsters on the rise • Protection monies; bootlegging

  9. Reactionary Impulses • Anti-immigrant sentiments • Sacco and Vanzetti • Emergency Quota Act of 1921 • 800,000 immigrants to 300,000 in a year • Johnson-Reid Act of 1924 • Cut immigration from 3% to 2%

  10. Marcus Garvey and the Persistence of Civil Rights Activism • Universal Negro Improvement Association • Nation-state in Africa • Encourages establishment of black-owned businesses. • Black Star Line Corporation and black investment • Garvey convicted of mail fraud • Gravey deported to Jamaica after 5 years in prison • Inspired many blacks

  11. HOLLYWOOD AND HARLEM: NATIONAL CULTURES IN BLACK AND WHITE • Hollywood Comes of Age • The Harlem Renaissance • Radios and Autos: Transforming Leisure at Home

  12. Hollywood Comes of Age • The Great Train Robbery, first feature length • The Jazz Singer, the first “talkie” • Foreigners on screen: • Greta Garbo, Dolores del Rio, Lupe Valez, Ramon Navarro, Rudolph Valentino

  13. The Harlem Renaissance • European, as well as African American influence • Writers: Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes • Dancers: Josephine Baker • Singers: Bessie Smith, Ma Rainey, Ethel Waters • Filmmakers: Oscar Micheaux

  14. Radios and Autos: Transforming Leisure at Home • By 1923, there were about 500 radio stations in the U.S. • By 1930, Americans owned 30 million cars

  15. Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980

  16. SCIENCE ON TRIAL • The Great Flood of 1927 • The Triumph of Eugenics: Buck v. Bell • Science, Religion, and the Scopes Trial

  17. The Great Flood of 1927 • Confidence in levees shattered in March, 1927 when torrential rains drown prime farmland, force 900,000 from their homes and cost $100 million in crop loss and $23 million in livestock loss • Refugee camps set up by Department of Commerce, National Guard and the Red Cross

  18. The Triumph of Eugenics: Buck v. Bell • 1924: The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy, Stoddard • Social Darwinists • Eugenic laws

  19. Science, Religion, and the Scopes Trial • William Jennings Bryan • The Butler Act • John Thomas Scopes and the ACLU (Dayton, Tennessee) • Religion versus Science? • Aimee Semple McPherson • Guilty verdict overturned by The Tennessee Supreme Court. Never makes it to the U.S. Supreme Court

  20. THE BUSINESS OF POLITICS • Warren G. Harding: The Politics of Scandal • Calvin Coolidge: The Hands-Off President • Herbert Hoover: The Self-Made President

  21. Warren G. Harding: The Politics of Scandal • Harding: “machine-made”, 1920 Presidential Election • Albert Fall, Secretary of Interior went to prison for taking $400,000 from oil companies in exchange for leases • Charles Forbes, Veteran’s Bureau, and $200 million in hospital supplies • Superintendent of Prisons: Harding’s brother-in-law

  22. Calvin Coolidge: The Hands-Off President • Inherits Presidency from Harding in 1923 • Hands-off attitude towards big business • Progressive Party forms • Cool Coolidge wins the Presidency in 1924

  23. Herbert Hoover: The Self-Made President • Elected President in 1928 • Quaker orphan raised in poverty • Stanford University graduate, mining engineer • Won over Irish Catholic Al Smith from New York

  24. CONSUMER DREAMS AND NIGHTMARES • Marketing the Good Life • Writers, Critics, and the “Lost Generation” • Poverty Amid Plenty • The Stock Market Crash

  25. Marketing the Good Life • “Advertising is to business what fertilizer is to farms.” • 1925: The Man That Nobody Knows, Bruce Barton • The shopping center • The Florida real estate boom and collapse

  26. Writers, Critics, and the “Lost Generation” • Sinclair Lews: Babbitt, 1922; Main Street, 1920 • F. Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise (1920); The Beautiful and the Damned (1922); The Great Gatsby (1925) • Gertrude Stein: The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas (1933)

  27. Poverty Amid Plenty • Southern sharecroppers, black and white • Latinos work for the company store • Asian immigrants and domestic work • Industrial workers

  28. Americans on the Move, 1870s-1930s

  29. The Stock Market Crash • “Black Tuesday” October 29, 1929 • Stocks fell in value $14 billion, down 50% • By 1932 $74 billion lost • Industrial production halved, businesses bankrupt, banks fail • Little relief from government agencies • Felt globally • The gap between the rich and the poor

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