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Some Smart-Grid Information Technology Needs

ISR Research Forum Presentation. Some Smart-Grid Information Technology Needs. Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. June 5, 2009. Outline. SmartGrid Introduction APEP SmartGrid Related Research Energy Conversion Analyses Dynamic Modeling Sustainable Mobility Energy Systems Integration

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Some Smart-Grid Information Technology Needs

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  1. ISR Research Forum Presentation Some Smart-GridInformation Technology Needs Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. June 5, 2009

  2. Outline • SmartGrid Introduction • APEP SmartGrid Related Research • Energy Conversion Analyses • Dynamic Modeling • Sustainable Mobility • Energy Systems Integration • Grid Interaction/Interconnection • Some SmartGrid Challenges • Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs

  3. SmartGrid Introduction • Current Grid Concerns: • Increasing energy & especially peak energy demands • Dwindling fossil fuel resources • Greenhouse gas and criteria pollutant emissions • Energy security • Reliability (economy, human health and welfare) • Future Grid Needs: • Flexible – accommodating rapid change, generation and consumption diversity in size, type, features, … • Secure – domestic resources, handle attacks/hackers • Reliable –handle disturbances and all the above with very high up-time (5-6 nines reliability; only seconds of down-time per year) • Sustainable – use resources at the same rate as they are naturally replenished on earth w/o externalities (e.g., more renewable power) SmartGrid

  4. SmartGrid Introduction Key Features: • Multiple points of interconnection and control • Renewable power: small, highly dynamic, intermittent, low capacity factor • Distributed generation: efficient, near-zero emissions, highly dispatchable • Distributed storage: batteries, hydro, air, … • Highly distributed loads: appliances, buildings, factories, machines • Increasingly managed through digital technology • Dispersed interconnection of renewables, DG, storage, loads • Smart meters and advanced sensors • Communications • Computing • Increasingly required to meet transportation energy demands • Mass transit • Plug-in battery and hybrid electric vehicles (BEV, PHEV) • Consumer interface/interactions • Commercial/Residential energy efficiency & coordination of loads with desired generation • Higher instantaneous local power quality

  5. SmartGrid Introduction Reasons for Utility interest in SmartGrid: • Managing Increased Wind (and Solar) Penetration • Ancillary Services • Frequency regulation; voltage support; harmonics cancellation; etc. • T&D Facility Investment Deferral • Managing Grid Peaks • Outage Mitigation • Customer Energy Management • Increasing the value of distributed PV systems • Decreasing hydro dispatchability • Virtual Power Plants Peak Shaving Response Time ReplacementReserve SupplementalReserve SynchronousReserve Renewable Energy Management Frequency Regulation Power or Energy

  6. Outline • SmartGrid Introduction • APEP SmartGrid Related Research • Energy Conversion Analyses • Dynamic Modeling • Sustainable Mobility • Energy Systems Integration • Grid Interaction/Interconnection • Some SmartGrid Challenges • Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs

  7. APEP SmartGrid Related Research • Distributed Generators (fuel cells, microturbines, …) • Energy Storage • Dispatchable Loads • Renewable Generation • Sustainable Mobility • Power Electronics

  8. APEP SmartGrid Related Research Renewable Integrated Fuel Cell Systems • Solar Residential • Wind / Hydrogen fuel

  9. Electric Transport – Fuel Cell Support APEP SmartGrid Related Research Zero Emission Vehicle · Network Enabled Transport ZEV•NET

  10. APEP SmartGrid Related Research Current UCI Research on Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) • Toyota, Horiba, UCB, and CA Air Resources Board partners • Testing two prototype plug-in Prius vehicles • Vehicle emission standards (including grid emissions) • Grid interaction/impacts (in partnership with SCE) • Air quality impacts

  11. APEP SmartGrid Related Research Power Electronics • Essential to enable “smart grid” • Integrate sensing, actuation, communication and interface in one “box” • New logic with limited new hardware Communications & Logic

  12. Dynamic Generator Modeling APEP SmartGrid Related Research Siemens Integrated SOFC System Siemens/SCE 220 kW SOFC/GT Hybrid Single Cell MCFC Test Stand

  13. Dynamic Generator Modeling APEP SmartGrid Related Research Plug Power 5 kW PEM GenSys Capstone 60 kW MTG

  14. APEP SmartGrid Related Research Renewable Dynamic Modeling (PV, solar thermal, and wind) On cell irradiance model PV performance from on cell irradiance

  15. APEP SmartGrid Related Research Integrated System Control - 25 to 70 amp current increase with PEN temperature feedback

  16. Energy Deployment Modeling APEP SmartGrid Related Research Electricity, Heating and Transportation Demands Meteorology and Water Redundancy Efficiency Transmission Cost Vulnerability Diversification of Renewable Power Generation Combined Heat and Power Systems Dispatchable Biomass Generation Water and Hydroelectricity ` DispatchableLoads Energy Storage IGCC with H2Co-production

  17. Outline • SmartGrid Introduction • APEP SmartGrid Related Research • Energy Conversion Analyses • Dynamic Modeling • Sustainable Mobility • Energy Systems Integration • Grid Interaction/Interconnection • Some SmartGrid Challenges • Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs

  18. Some SmartGrid Challenges • Today’s grid IS stable, reliable, predictable: • Centralized control • Slow response (15-minute) • Highly regulated • One-way power flow • Today’s grid IS NOT flexible, controllable, nor able to: • Introduce sufficient energy efficiency • Introduce large amounts of renewable power • Become sufficiently sustainable • Sufficiently produce the energy and national security benefits desired

  19. Some SmartGrid Challenges Renewable Power Integration Challenges • Resources may not be available when needed • Need for rolling standby generation • Could use demand side management and/or involuntary load shedding • Resources may generate power when not needed • Force base-load plants to back down (lowers efficiency, increases cost) • May have to curtail and lose renewable power • May cause unpredictable power flow issues • May cause local power quality issues Other Challenges faced by Utilities • Reduced control over existing resources • Changes in regulations & weather affecting reliability of flexible hydro • Increased peak demand • Population growth in hotter climates causes peak demand to grow faster

  20. Hawkins, CAISO, 2007 Some SmartGrid Challenges Tehachapi, CA wind generation for April, 2005

  21. Some SmartGrid Challenges Wind Power – Example of Non-Coincidence with Peak Demand CAISO, 2007

  22. Some SmartGrid Challenges Energy Deployment Model Results - 10% Wind Penetration

  23. Some SmartGrid Challenges Energy Deployment Model Results - 20% Wind Penetration

  24. Some SmartGrid Challenges Energy Deployment Model Results - 33% Wind Penetration

  25. Some SmartGrid Challenges Where Can Wind Power be Sited? NREL, 2008

  26. SunPower, Inc., 2008 Some SmartGrid Challenges Solar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problem

  27. SunPower, Inc., 2008 Some SmartGrid Challenges Solar Power ~coincident with peak – but clouds cause problem Output from Nevada 70 KW array

  28. Some SmartGrid Challenges Real Grid Disturbance Example: • In Texas on Feb. 26, 2008 wind power dropped 1200MW in 10 minutes • The disturbance was registered throughout the U.S. and as far as Manitoba! • Blackouts were avoided by massive load shedding by industrial customers

  29. Some SmartGrid Challenges Vehicle battery use for grid support (“V2G”) • Interconnection • Controls • Battery Life UCI Mobility &Charging Data (from ZEV•NET) Charging profiles w/o“Smart Grid” are not encouraging

  30. How does charging affect power demand? Daily Charge Requirement for 40% PHEV60 Some SmartGrid Challenges

  31. Some SmartGrid Challenges Scaling and Evolution are challenges • Opportunities for innovation at every level are huge • individual energy resources, novel optimization and control schemes, technology for avoiding large-scale failures, accounting for novel/failure conditions, security innovations/failures, efficiency improvements, … • Magnitude of overall system is “mind-boggling” & growing • sheer number of resources, difficulty of measuring/sensing each, the number of things that can/should be sensed, potential number of coordination/management decisions, … • Need for continuous improvement and adaptation • self-adaptive, self-optimizing, self-healing systems • The production, transmission, storage, and use of electric energy in the future will be fundamentally intertwined with computation, control, and communications

  32. Outline • SmartGrid Introduction • APEP SmartGrid Related Research • Energy Conversion Analyses • Dynamic Modeling • Sustainable Mobility • Energy Systems Integration • Grid Interaction/Interconnection • Some SmartGrid Challenges • Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs

  33. Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs • Ubiquitous sensors • E.g., appliances, homes, cars, commercial buildings, lighting, computers, industrial equipment and facilities • Smart Meters • Better cost information and billing • Manage power and information flow • Computational Power (decentralized) • Acquire and manage sensor data • Coordinate amongst parties • Make decisions • Robust Networked Communications (two-way) • Internet • Secure sub-networks? • Consumer Interface

  34. Some SmartGrid Information Technology Needs Overarching SmartGridIT Need: • Software architectures to enable decentralized communities to interact in a dynamic future electric grid with high efficiency, adaptability, reliability, security, and sustainability • New and diverse energy resources (generation, storage, transmission) with idiosyncratic properties • Instantaneous capacity/production/consumption, intermittency, variability due to weather or other exogenous forces • Decentralized framework with various authority regimes • Autonomous local behavior • Unilateral decisions detrimental to the grid must be accommodated • Marketplace must handle a myriad of individual, decentralized participants in the network that is sufficiently coordinated to produce overall features • Ubiquitous & autonomous* with operating principles, security, and processing that produces stability & reliability. *NOTE: Modern two-way communications not fast enough to avert widespread disruption due to local (intentional or accidental) bad action

  35. Thank you for Your Attention!

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