Chapter 18 Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Chapter 18 Adjectives and Adverbs

2. Attention Grabber The pretty walked to the park. • What’s missing in the sentence? • A noun • Revise: • The pretty woman walked to the park. • What is role of “pretty” in the sentence? • ADJECTIVE

3. Main Points for Adjectives • It describes or modifies the noun or pronoun. • Answers the following: • What kind? • Which one? (Also refers to time) • How many? • How much?

4. Exercise #1: IdentifyAdjectives; whattheymodify; and whatquestion(s) itanswers • Small work boats were sailed extensively for pleasure in early colonial times. • What is/are the adjectives? • Small, work; early, colonial • What are the words each adjective describes? • Boats; times • What question(s) do adjectives answer? • What kind? ; Which one?

5. Do adjectives always come before the noun or pronoun? • Sick in bed, he was very bored. • Sick – comes before the pronoun. • The child, sick with fever, lay in bed. • Sick – comes after the noun. • She was sick for a week. • Sick – comes after the linking verb

6. Articles are adjectives too! • “The” is a definite article. • The noun it modifies refers to a specific person, place, or thing. • The catcher; The National Park; The wagon • “A” and “an” are indefinite articles. • The noun it modifies refer to any class of people, places, or things. • A group; a building; an easel

7. When to use “a” or “an” • Easy! “A” is used before a consonant sound; “an” is used before a vowel sound. • Examples on the board: • (a, an) honorable man • (a, an) charitable woman • (a, an) cute dog • (a, an) orange • (a, an) union

8. Let’s try more examples for articles: • (D) first passenger train cars were 15 feet long and 17 feet wide. • The • They were built like (I) stagecoach with railroad wheels. • a • Later, six wheels were placed on (D) passenger cars. • the

9. Continued: • Today, there are (I) variety of passenger cars. • a • (D) typical passenger car has (I) aisle with seats on either side. • The; an

10. Nouns Used as Adjectives • What two questions will it answer? • What kind? • Which one? • Try the following nouns: • Snack • Snack food • Ring • Ring finger

11. Exercise #1: Identify nouns used as adjectives • For a fun vacation, some families plan road trips to state monuments and historic sites. • fun; road; state • See textbook page 384 to continue exercise.

12. Proper and Compound Adjectives • Refresher: • What is a proper noun? • A specific person, place, or thing/idea. It’s always capitalized. • What is a compound noun? • It’s made up of more than one word – hyphenated or combined.

13. Exercise #2: Identify Proper and Compound Adjectives • Late in 1577, Francis Drake left England to attempt a three-year circumnavigation of the globe. • Three-year • Compound adjective • After crossing the Atlantic Ocean, drake sailed down the South American coast. • South American • Proper adjective

14. Pronouns Used as Adjectives • Key Points 1. It answers one question: a. Which one? 2. Possessive pronouns are included as well. a. my; your; his; her; its; our; their

15. Exercise #3: Identify pronoun(s) used as adjectives with the word it modifies. • Have you asked a professional captain for his advice? • his advice • A professional can help you chart your course. • your course • My sister enjoyed her friends’ boat. • her friends’

16. Demonstrative, Interrogative, or Indefinite Pronouns used as Adjectives • Refresher: • What are demonstrative pronouns? • “points out”: this, that, these, those • What are interrogative pronouns? • “asks”: which, what, whose • What are indefinite pronouns? • Singular forms modify singular nouns; plural forms modify plural nouns. • Examples: • Each boat; several sails; more rigging

17. Exercise #4: Identify pronouns used as adjectives, and determine whether it’s demonstrative, interrogative, or indefinite. • Each stateroom has a private breakfast room. • Each • indefinite • Some cruise ships stop in the Bahamas. • Some • indefinite

18. 18.2 Adverbs (Read page 390) • Refresher: • Adjectives modify? • Nouns/Pronouns • If adjectives modify nouns/pronouns, what do adverbs modify? • Verbs • Adverbs may answer 4 questions: • Where? • When? • In what manner/way? • To what extent?

19. Exercise 20 (page 391)Identify the adverb. What question does it answer? Where? When? In what manner/way? To what extent? • Ancient peoples often saw designs in the stars, called constellations. • often; when • They carefully named the constellations after various religious figures, animals, and objects. • carefully; in what way • Constellations are sometimes imagined to be groupings of bright stars. • sometimes; when • Eighty-eight constellations are recognized today. • today; when

20. The names are derived in part from Greek mythology. • in part; to what extent • Draco, the dragon, bravely defended the goddess Hera’s apple tree. • bravely; in what way • Hercules subdued him quickly in a struggle to get apples. • quickly; in what way • Hera placed Draco overhead in the stars to remember him. • overhead; where • Draco is one of the constellations now. • now; when

21. Adverbs may modify other adverbs and adjectives too! • It answers only one question: • To what extent? • Example: • A glow just barely appears on the northern horizon. • just modifies barely; justbarely modifies appears

22. Exercise 21 (page 393)Identify all adverbs. Indicate the word each adverb modifies. • Lights move unexpectedly fast across the sky. • unexpectedly modifies fast; unexpectedly fast modifies move • A glowing curtain of light forms more clearly. • More modifies clearly; more clearly modifies forms • It arches farther forward. • Farther modifies forward; farther forward modifies arches

23. Sometimes, the word may be an adjective or adverb. How would I know the difference? • Easy tip: • Adjectives modify nouns/pronouns. • Adverbs modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. • Examples: • Vincent van Gogh painted Starry Night late in his career. • Late is an adverb because it modifies painted, a verb. • It was a very hard time in his life, and he was not well. • Hard is an adjective because it modifies time, a noun.

24. Is the underlined word an adjective or adverb? • Often when you look out your window at night, you see the kindly face of the Man in the Moon. • adjective • You will also see in the far reaches of the sky the stars that form the many constellations. • adjective • Some people think that the idea of constellations is silly. • adjective

25. However, constellations serve well as memory devices for identifying stars. • adverb • When you’re staring at 11,000 to 11,500 stars, you’ll have a hard time telling which is which. • adjective • However, once you recognize the stars of the constellation Orion the Hunter, for example, you will find the stars of his hunting dogs near him. • adverb • Ancient cultures saw pictures in the stars late at night. • adverb

26. They looked high into the heavens and saw the Lion, the Bull, the Fish, and the Scorpion. • adverb • The Crane is a modern constellation found deep in the southern sky. • adverb • Al Nair, a bright star on the Crane’s foot, is spinning fast – at least 236 kilometers per second! • adverb • Early efforts to catalog the stars date back roughly 6,000 years. • adverb

27. Some constellations are seen low on the horizon. • adverb • Other constellations are much higher. • adverb • Some are seen most clearly in late summer. • adjective • Whether the constellations seem far or near depends on the rotation of the Earth. • Both adjectives