Elizabeth Lule Manager ACT Africa The World Bank

1. Gender, Poverty and HIV/AIDS: Triple Jeopardy Elizabeth Lule Manager ACT Africa The World Bank Gender Dimensions of Global Poverty UNDP/Fordham University March 19, 2007

2. Gender and Inequality • What is Gender? • Gender is the social and cultural construction of the biological differences between men and women • Gender defines a set of social expectations of appropriate behaviors and activities, and what rights, resources, and power men and women possess • What is Gender Equality? • Equality of opportunity (including access to human capital and other productive resources) • Equality of “voice” (ability to influence and contribute to the development process) • Equality under the law

3. Where are the Gender Inequalities? High Equality 4 3 Index of gender equality (1-4) 2 Low Equality 1 East Asia Eastern Middle South Asia Sub- OECD Latin Europe and America East/North Saharan Central Asia and the Africa Africa Caribbean Source: Rights data from Humana (1992); population weights from World Bank (1999d)

4. Challenges to Gender Equality • Despite steady improvements in schooling for girls and life expectancy for women, women still account for two-thirds of those who cannot read or write, earn only 10% of the world’s income, and own only 1% of the world’s property. • Women in developing countries have less access to formal jobs now than 25 years ago: the female labor rate shrunk from 53 % in 1980 to 49% in 2005, while men continue being employed at roughly the same level, around 86 percent. • Women in developing countries earn 22% less in salaries than their male counterparts after taking into account differences in observed skills. • While women in Africa make up the majority of agricultural workers, they receive less than 10% of all credit going to small farmers and 1% of the total credit going to the agricultural sector. • The share of women in non-agriculture wage employment barely budged in the poorest countries since 1990, from 23% to 25% in 2003.

5. Gender and Poverty • Poverty is multidimensional • Beyond income poverty: loss of rights, dignity, powerlessness inequality, vulnerability, isolation • Assets: livelihood security • Gender inequality in access to and control of assets has an impact on economic growth • Impact of poverty different for men than for women

6. Opportunity: Adult Illiteracy Source: World Development Indicators, 2001.

7. Girls’ primary school enrollment ratios in relation to boys’: 1990/91 and 2001/02 (Girls per 100 boys) Girls’ secondary school enrollment ratios in relation to boys: 2001/2002(Girls per 100 boys) Source: UnitedNations (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York, NY

8. Closing the Gender Gap in schooling boosts economic growth 4 Actual growth rate Projected growth rate 3 (percent) Average annual growth in per capita GNP, 1960-1992 2 1 0 Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia Middle East/North Africa Source: “Engendering Development” (PRR) 2001, in WDR 2000/01, “Attacking Poverty”.

9. Opportunities: Income Shares Source: Fofack, in Blackden and Bhanu, 1999.

10. Share of women in non-agricultural wage employment, 1990 and 2003 Share of women in total employment by job status: 1990-2002 Source: UnitedNations (2005). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2005. New York, NY.

11. Voice Young people in Sierra Leone less likely to attend or speak at community meetings Source:WDR

12. Empowerment: Parliament Source: International Parliamentary Union, 2001. www.ipu.org.

13. We also do not reach the poor: inequities in access to basic services e.g., skilled deliveries at birth

14. 20 15 Men 10 Women 5 0 1996 1998 2003 2005 Gender and HIV/AIDS Nearly 50% of adults living with HIV worldwide are women – close to 65% in Sub-Saharan Africa Adults living with HIV/AIDS worldwide (millions) Source: UNAIDS 2002 AND 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic; Annex 2: HIV and AIDS Estimates and Data, 2005 and 2003.

15. 30 15‒49 years old, by gender 20 Women Men % 10 0 30 Women Men 15‒24 years old, by gender 20 % 10 0 30 15‒49 years old, by urban/ rural residence 20 Urban Rural % 10 0 Lesotho South Africa Zambia Kenya Uganda UR Tanzania Burkina Faso Ghana Guinea Senegal Southern East West Sources: Demographic and Health Survey reports (Lesotho, Zambia, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Guinea and Senegal) (2001–2005). Nelson Mandela Foundation (South Africa) (2005). Ministry of Health (Uganda). Tanzania Commission for AIDS (UR Tanzania) (2005). 2.7 HIV Prevalence (%) by Gender and Urban/Rural Residence, selected sub-Saharan African countries, 2001‒2005

16. Feminization of HIV/AIDS Adults living with HIV/AIDS (2005) in Malawi, Zambia, and Ethiopia

17. Population-Based HIV Prevalence in Francistown, Botswana Sources: BAIS, 2005

20. Proportion of 15 - 19 year old girls in South Africa with partners >5 years older 20 15 10 5 0 Male Female Proportion of 15 - 19 year old girls in South Africa in relation to age of partner

21. Sexual Coercion Reported by Women in Rakai, Uganda Source: Koenig Soc Sci Med 2004

22. Nicaragua Nepal HIV Prevalence (at time of survey *) Colombia Bolivia Guatemala Brazil Dominican Rep. Niger Benin Percentage of 15-19 year old girls who think they are notat risk of AIDS Chad Mali Cameroon Togo Haiti CAR Kenya Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe 0% 100% 20% 40% 60% 70% 80% 90% 10% 30% 50% *HIV prevalence in women attending antenatal care clinics in major urban areas Risk Perception Percentage of Sexually Active Women (15-19) that perceive no risk of AIDS Uganda All other Countries Sources: UNICEF, DHS surveys, 1994-1999

23. Females: Economic dependency and insecurity Less access to and control of over resources Risks in female-dominated professions Males: Economic independence and power Command over resources Risks in male-dominated professions Economic factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic Poverty and Lack of Economic Empowerment Role of Power in Sexual Relations

24. Females: Social norms of virginity Social value of marriage/ motherhood; female role as caregiver; child marriage Female passivity – ignorance Cultural practices: female genital cutting, widow inheritance, ritual cleansing Sexual violence - coerced sex, rape, and other sexual abuse Males: Social norms of masculinity, male risk taking Presumption of sexual knowledge Male aggressiveness – ignorance Stigma and homophobia denial of men who have sex with men Alcohol and drug abuse Sexual domination Social and Cultural factorsdriving the HIV/AIDS epidemic Cultural and Gender Norms related to Sex and Sexuality Culture of Silence and Taboo Around Sexual Matters

25. Females: Limited attention to women’s human rights Discrimination in legal rights, legal awareness and protections Lack of legal recourse and discrimination Males: Systems protect men who engage in violence against women Systems that favor men’s ownership of property Patriarchal systems Legal factors driving the HIV/AIDS epidemic Lack of Human Rights and Voice Discrimination and Denial of Rights

26. Addressing Triple Jeopardy at Country Level Goals from National plans and strategies MDGs National Development Goals Gender Assessments Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) Multi-Sectoral Approach (Gender, Education, Legal, Transport, Infrastructure, Agriculture, Health, Youth, Civil Society, Private Sector), Community Development, Social Funds

27. What is the World Bank doing to Address Triple Jeopardy? • Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) • Using its comparative advantage to work multi-sectorally, Education of girls a social vaccine. • Multi-Sectoral Approach to HIV/AIDS (MAPs), lending, analytical work, public private partnerships and working with civil society • Reaching the Poor with basic services • Gender Action Plan working to empower women in: product, financial, land and labor markets

28. Agenda for Gender-Responsive Poverty Reduction • Inclusive participation in poverty reduction policy and investment priorities (e.g. “gender budget initiatives,” PRSPs, local-level audit and accountability) • Investment in gender-inclusive human development (e.g. education, literacy, vocational skills, health, nutrition) • Investment in household economy (e.g. water/sanitation, domestic energy, transport, and labor-saving technology) • Integrate gender into statistics, national accounts and poverty work (e.g. gender-based benefit incidence analysis of public expenditures, integrate household economy into statistics and accounts, country-specific time surveys)

29. Strategic Priorities for Addressing Gender and HIV/AIDS • Address gender based obstacles to economic empowerment • Address gender based vulnerabilities to HIV/AIDS in current interventions • Empower women to participate in policy and decision-making related to HIV/AIDS • Involve the other half of gender in current policy and interventions • Promote Legal Rights and Protection

30. Gender Equality Equals Smart Economics

31. Thank You