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Highlights from the Medical Literature: Top 10 Cardiovascular Articles from 2012

Highlights from the Medical Literature: Top 10 Cardiovascular Articles from 2012. Michael J Bloch, MD, FACP, FVM, FASH Department of Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine. Faculty Disclosures. Michael J. Bloch, M.D. Consultant: Astra-Zeneca; Takeda; Aegerion

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Highlights from the Medical Literature: Top 10 Cardiovascular Articles from 2012

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  1. Highlights from the Medical Literature:Top 10 Cardiovascular Articles from 2012 Michael J Bloch, MD, FACP, FVM, FASH Department of Medicine, University of Nevada School of Medicine

  2. Faculty Disclosures Michael J. Bloch, M.D. • Consultant: Astra-Zeneca; Takeda; Aegerion • Speaker’s Bureau/Honoraria: AstraZeneca, Takeda, Boeringer-Ingellheim, Daiichi-Sankyo, Liposcience

  3. Learning Objective At the conclusion of this session, the learner should be able to: • Explore specific findings that have been published in the cardiovascular literature within the past 12 months in order to apply relevant findings to his or her clinical practice

  4. Studies In Clinical Hypertension

  5. Bedtime dosing of antihypertensive medications reduces cardiovascular risk in chronic kidney disease Hermida RC, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22(12):2313 2321.

  6. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Background: • Previous studies with ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) have demonstrated that the mean sleep-time BP is a better predictor of CV events than is the mean daytime or 24-hr BP. • BP Rx has traditionally been dosed primarily in the morning. • Some recent studies have suggested that restoration of the normal circadian “dipping” pattern of nocturnal BP by giving some of the antihypertensive rx at bedtime may lead to lower CV risk • Nocturnal hypertension common in CKD

  7. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Question: In hypertensive patients with CKD, does giving at least one of the HTN medications at bedtime reduce CV risk compared to giving all medications upon waking?

  8. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Methods: • 661 hypertensive patients with mild CKD (about ½ with Cr Cl >60 ml/min but + microalbuminuria) • About 2/3 were “nondippers” (BP did not exhibit normal circadian drop at night) • All patients were on once daily BP Rx. • Randomized to take at least one BP rx at bedtime or to continue taking them all upon awaking. • ABPM was done for 48 hours at baseline and at least yearly. • Median follow-up was 5.4 years • Primary outcome was total CV events (CV death, MI, and stroke)

  9. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Results: • The adjusted hazard ratio for major CV events was 0.28 for nocturnal vs morning dosing • Major CV events were 1.45%/yr for the AM dosing vs 0.51%/yr for bedtime dosing

  10. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Results: • The awake BP mean was no different between the groups • However, the sleep systolic BP mean was 6 mmHg lower in the bedtime dose group, and a greater number reverted to a “dipping” pattern (59% vs 29% in AM dose group at end of study)

  11. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Conclusions: • In hypertensive patients with mild CKD on once daily BP medications, moving at least one of the doses to bedtime reduces CV morbidity Caveats: • Clinic BPs in both groups at end of study were above accepted targets (mean 146/80). • It is unclear if the magnitude of benefit would be as great if all patients had been more aggressively treated.

  12. Nocturnal Dosing BP Rx Clinical Implications: • While awaiting further data: • In patients with mild CKD (and possibly others), it’s reasonable to switch at least one of their BP rx to bedtime dosing (unless the patient is at high risk for falls in the night or for decreased compliance) • What about other hypertensive populations? • Do we need to do more ABPM?

  13. Intensive BP and/or Glucose Control Did Not Reduce Microvascular Events in Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetics Post-Hoc Analysis of ACCORD BP Ismail-Beigi F, et al, Kidney Int. 2012;81:586-94.

  14. ACCORD BP - Microvascular Background: • From the ACCORD BP study we know that in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes more intensive treatment of BP (goal <120) did not reduce the incidence of macrovascular events as compared to less intensive treatment of BP (goal <140) Question: • What about microvascularevents?

  15. ACCORD BP - Microvascular Methods: • Post-hoc analysis of ACCORD BP study • 4733 patients 40-79 years of age with T2DM and HTN randomized to SBP goal <120 mmHg or <140 mmHg • Patients also randomized to hbA1C target of <6.0% or <7.0-7.9% • Mean f/u 4.7 years • Primary endpoint – composite of renal and retinal outcomes

  16. ACCORD BP – Microvascular - Results The effect of BP control was not modified by intensity of glycemic control for any outcome

  17. ACCORD BP - Microvascular Conclusion: • Intensive BP control did not reduce macro- or micro-vascular events more than standard BP control in patients with T2DM and hypertension, regardless of intensity of glycemic control Caveats • Event rates were low • Follow-up was relatively short • Subjects also had great glycemic, lipid, and tobacco control

  18. ACCORD BP - Microvascular Clinical Implications: *Defined as personal or family history of TIA/stroke, smoker, unable to tolerate statin therapy or antiplatelet therapy when approprioate, LVH or poor glycemic control #With close monitoring for bradycardia, hypotension, changes in electrolytes, and worsening renal function

  19. More Intensive BP Control May Not Be Advantageous in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) Peralto CA, et al. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:41-47.

  20. BP Goals in CKD - KEEP Background: • Guidelines have long suggested BP goal <130/80 in patients with CKD • This recommendation is mostly supported by observational data and has been hard to support with RCTs Question: • What is the optimal BP for a patient with CKD?

  21. BP Goals in CKD - KEEP Methods • Nation-wide, community based observational study enrolling adults with CKD or its major risk factors • As of 2000, KEEP included data on 16,121 persons with CKD (at least stage 3) • US Renal Data System was used to capture incidence of ESRD • Primary Endpoint: Incident ESRD • Follow-up = 2.7 years

  22. BP Goals in CKD - KEEP Results • Only 2% of patients progressed to ESRD • 48% of patients had baseline SBP>140 or DBP>90 • As compared to those with baseline SBP <130, only patients with SBP >150 had increased risk of ESRD • As compared to those with baseline DBP <75, only patients with DBP >90 had increased risk of ESRD • Patients with albuminuria represented only 20% of the cohort, but accounted for 88% of ESRD • Presence of albuminuria did not effect results of KEEP but has been demonstrated to be a marker of response to intensive BP control in other studies

  23. BP Goals in CKD - KEEP Conclusions: • In patients with CKD, the hypothesis that more intensive control of SBP to a goal of <130 mmHg decreases the incidence of ESRD remains unproven Caveats • Short follow-up • Cardiovascular events not meaured • Observational study – hypothesis generating only • Effect of albuminuria unclear and not consistent with previous trials

  24. BP Goals in CKD - KEEP Clinical Implications • BP is poorly controlled in patients with CKD • BP target of <140/90 probably reasonable for most patients with CKD • Consider more aggressive therapy in those with higher risk of progression to CKD, including young age or presence of albuminuria • Await results of NIH sponsored SPRINT study • >9000 at risk patients with hypertension randomized to SBP<140 vs SBP<120 • More than 40% of patients expected to have CKD

  25. Renal Sympathetic Denervation for Treatment of Drug Resistant Hypertension One Year Results from Symplicity HTN-2 INVESTIGATIONAL Esler MD, et al. Circulation 2012;126:2976-82.

  26. Symplicity HTN-2 Background: • Renal sympathetic nerve activation contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension • Sympathectomy has been demonstrated to be effective in treating resistant HTN, but with considerable adverse events Question: • What is the benefit and risk of catheter based renal denervation in patients with treatment resistant hypertension?

  27. Symplicity HTN-2

  28. Symplicity HTN-2 Methods • Eligible patients were on at least 3 BP meds and had a baseline SBP >160mmHg • Randomized to catheter based renal denervation or medical management • This report includes one year results of those patients originally randomized to renal denervation and patients who crossed over after 6 months due to poorly controlled BP

  29. Symplicity HTN-2 Results: Complications included one renal artery dissection No significant changes in eGFR or cystatin c

  30. Symplicity HTN-2 Conclusion • Catheter based renal artery denervation led to significant and sustained reductions in BP in patients with poorly controlled resistant HTN at baseline with limited potential for adverse events Caveats • Short follow-up, particularly for adverse events • Unblinded

  31. Symplicity HTN-2 Clinical Implications • Catheter based renal denervation is an investigational procedure that may have a role in the treatment of uncontrolled resistant hypertension in the future • May be other indications, including heart failure • Long term safety issues unknown • Await results of Symplicity HTN-3 • RCT that includes sham renal denervation as control group and include ABPM

  32. Clinical Implications of Latest BP Trials • Switching at least 1 BP med to night-time administration may improve nocturnal BP control and reduce CV events, at least in CKD • Systolic BP goal of <140 mmHg may be reasonable for most patients with T2DM • Systolic BP goal of <140 mmHg may be reasonable for most patients with CKD • Catheter-based renal denervation is an investigational procedure that may prove to be safe and effective in treatment of poorly controlled resistant HTN • Eagerly await future near-term publications in clinical hypertension, including SPRINT, Symplicity HTN-3, and JNC8

  33. Studies In Clinical Lipidology

  34. Another Investigational CETP Inhibitor Fails to Demonstrate Reduction in Events in Patients with Recent ACS Dal-OUTCOMES INVESTIGATIONAL Schwartz GG, et al. New Engl J Med 2012;367:2089-99.

  35. Dal-OUTCOMES Background • In observational analyses, higher HDL-C is associated with lower risk of CHD events • CETP inhibitors raise HDL-C significantly, but their effects on CV outcomes is unclear • Torcetrapib increased HDL-C, but failed to reduce CV events, perhaps due to mild increase in BP and aldosterone Question: • Would use of the CETP inhibitor dalcetrapib reduce CHD events in patients with recent ACS?

  36. Dal-OUTCOMES Methods • 15,871 patients with recent ACS • Best available background risk reduction therapy including target LDL-C of around 70 mg/dl with statin therapy • Randomized to dalcetrapib 600 mg daily or placebo • Primary endpoint = composite of fatal and nonfatal CHD • Mean follow-up = 31 months

  37. Dal-OUTCOMES - Results Lipid Levels Primary Endpoint

  38. Dal - OUTCOMES Conclusion • Despite an approximately 35% increase in HDL-C, dalcetrapib did not reduce the risk of recurrent CHD events in patients with recent ACS with well controlled LDL-C Clinical Implications: • HDL-C is complicated • Endpoint studies needed for lipid lowering drugs, particularly those that have their primary effect on HDL-C or LDL size

  39. Studies In Anti-Platelet and Anticoagulant Therapy

  40. Novel Anticoagulant Now Indicated to Reduce Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolic Events EINSTEIN DVT and PE Studies Pooled Analysis As Presented at American Society of Hematology 2012 Annual Meeting (Harry Buller, MD) Einstein Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2499-510. Einstein Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:1287-1297

  41. Einstein DVT and PE Background • Three novel anticoaglulants (dabigratran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban) are approved as alternatives to warfarin to prevent stroke and systemic embolism in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation • DVT/PE is another indication for anticoagulation Question • How does the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban compare to warfarin in efficacy and safety for patients with a history of venous thromboembolism (DVT or PE)?

  42. Einstein DVT and PE Methods • Patients with a history of PE (n = 4832) or symptomatic DVT (n = 3449) • Randomized to • Rivaroxaban 15 mg twice daily for 3 weeks followed by 20 mg daily OR • Standard therapy with enoxaparin followed by dose adjusted warfarin with INR goal 2-3 • Primary efficacy endpoint = symptomatic recurrent thromboembolic event (DVT or PE) • Primary safety endpoint = major or clinically relevant non-major bleeding

  43. Einstein DVT and PE – Pooled Results Subgroup analysis favored rivaroxaban in patients with cancer

  44. Einstein DVT and PE Conclusion • Rivaroxaban in non-inferior to standard therapy with enoxaparin/warfarin in preventing recurrent DVT/PE with similar risk of bleeding Caveats and Clinical Implications • Rivaroxaban is approved for reducing recurrence of VTE in patients with DVT/PE as an alternative to warfarin • Offers an opportunity for easy out patient management • Does not require monitoring • Cost an issue • Duration of anticoagulation unchanged

  45. Low Dose Aspirin After Completed Course of Anticoagulation Reduces Risk of Recurrent VTE ASPIRE Brighton TA, et al. New Eng J Med 2012;367:1979-87

  46. ASPIRE Background • Even after completed a traditional course of oral anticoagulation (3-6 months), patients with a history of unprovoked DVT have a relatively high long-term risk of recurrent VTE (around 25% at 5 years) Question • Would aspirin be effective in preventing a recurrence of VTE in patients with first episode of unprovoked VTE who have completed a traditional course of anticoagulation?

  47. ASPIRE DVT Methods • 822 patients who completed initial anticoagulation therapy after a first episode of unprovoked VTE (DVT or PE) • Randomized to aspirin 100 mg daily or placebo • Primary Endpoint: Recurrent symptomatic VTE • Mean Follow-Up = 37.2 months • Results pooled with another similar previously reported studied (WARFASA)

  48. ASPIRE DVT - Results

  49. ASPIRE DVT Conclusions • For patients with history of first unprovoked VTE, after completion of a course of anticoagulation, use of aspirin 100 mg daily decreased the incidence of recurrent VTE and CV events with minimal increased risk of bleeding Caveats and Clinical Implications • Safe, inexpensive intervention • What about provoked DVT? • What is the role of d-dimer and repeat duplex in determining the duration of anticoagulation?

  50. Warfarin Dose Assessment Every 4 Weeks Versus Every 12 Weeks in Patients With Stable International Normalized Ratios Schulman S, et al. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:653-659.

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