TECHNOLOGY

2. TECHNOLOGY • Technology has been derived from the Greek word techno-logia. • Techno means an art or skill and logia means science or study. • Technology is application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. • Technology refers to the totality of the means employed to provide objects necessary for human sustainence and comfort.

3. Characteristics of Technology • It involves purposive application of various fields of sciences and scientific knowledge • It is used to provide objects necessary for human sustance and comfort. • It has both public and private components. • It is complex in nature. • It is dependent on other technology. • It has high degree of valence which refers to the miltitude of types or variations of the same tool. • It is big in magnitude,size and pervasiveness of modern technology.

4. Industrial REVOLUTION • The industrial revolution developed in England in the 1700s. • The steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1764, largely replaced human and water power for factories. • Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 touted the economic benefits of the specialization of labor. • Thus the late-1700s factories had not only machine power but also ways of planning and controlling the tasks of workers.

5. The industrial revolution spread from England to other European countries and to the United Sates. • In 1790 an American, Eli Whitney, developed the concept of interchangeable parts. • The first great industry in the US was the textile industry. • In the 1800s the development of the gasoline engine and electricity further advanced the revolution. • By the mid-1800s, the old cottage system of production had been replaced by the factory system. • . . . more

6. 19th CENTURY • The Steam Engine which had existed since the early 18th century, was practically applied to both steamboat and railway transportation. The first purpose built railway line opened between Manchester and Liverpool in 1830, the Rocket locomotive of Robert Stephenson being one of the first working locomotives used on the line. • Telegraphy also developed into a practical technology in the 19th century to help run the railways safely.

7. The Portsmouth Block Mills was where manufacture of ships' pulley blocks by all-metal machines first took place and instigated the age of mass production. • Machine tools used by engineers to manufacture other machines began in the first decade of the century, notably by Richard Roberts and Joseph Whitworth. Steamships were eventually completely iron-clad, and played a role in the opening of Japan and China to trade with the West. The Second Industrial Revolution at the end of the 19th century saw rapid development of chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel technologies connected with highly structured technology research.

8. 20th CENTURY • Communication technology, transportation technology, broad teaching and implementation of scientific method, and increased research spending all contributed to the advancement of modern science and technology. • Radio, radar, and early sound recording were key technologies which paved the way for the telephone, fax machine, and magnetic storage of data. Energy and engine technology improvements were also vast, including nuclear power, developed in this century.

9. 21st CENTURY • The Mars Exploration Rovers have provided huge amounts of information by functioning well beyond NASA's original lifespan estimates. • Broadband Internet access became commonplace in developed countries, as did connecting home computers with music libraries and mobile phones. • Biotechnology is a relatively new field that holds yet unknown possibilities • Research is ongoing into quantum computers, nanotechnology, bioengineering, nuclear fusion

10. TECHNOLOGY DURING WORLD WAR • Armour weapons: The Tank destroyer, Specialist Tanks for Combat engineering including mine clearing Flail tanks, Flame tank, and amphibious designs • Aircraft: Glide bombs - the first "smart bombs", such as the Fritz X anti-shipping missile, had wire or radio remote control; the world's first jet fighter (Messerschmitt 262) and jet bomber (Arado 234), the world's first operational military helicopters (Flettner Fl 282), the world's first rocket-powered fighter (Messerschmitt 163) • Missiles: The Pulse jet powered V-1 flying bomb was the world's first cruise missile, Rockets progressed enormously: V-2 rocket, Katyusha rocket artillery and air launched rockets. • V1,V2 V3 autopilot bombs • HEAT, and HESH anti-armour warheads. • Proximity fuze for shells, bombs and rockets. This fuze is designed to detonate an explosive automatically when close enough to the target to destroy it, so a direct hit is not required and time/place of closest approach does not need to be estimated. Magnetic torpedoes and mines also had a sort of proximity fuse.

11. Guided weapons (by radio or trailing wires): glide bombs, crawling bombs, rockets. • Self-guiding weapons: torpedoes (sound seeking, compass guided and looping), V1 missile (compass and timer guided) • Aiming devices for bombs, torpedoes, artillery and machine guns, using special purpose mechanical and electronic analog and (perhaps) digital "computers". The mechanical analog Norden bomb sight is a well known example. • Napalm was developed, but did not see wide use until the Korean War • Plastic explosives like Nobel 808, Hexoplast 75, Compositions C and C2

12. Relation of technology in nation growth In Domestic Market • Improved and efficient functioning of various organisitation in the nation. • Technological progress and infusion brings many changes and improvement. • Enchanced capability to fight forign competition. • Stability in sales and profit of firms.

13. Regular employment generation • High standard of living • Lesser probability of occurrence of economic recession. • Growth of national economy. • Proper management of natural disaster. • Proper management of law and order. • Better infrastructure and facilities.

14. In foreign market • Technological competitive advantage. • Boost to exports. • Forex earnings through exports. • Monopoly and high prices for hi-tec products in the international market. • Earning through external market provide additional funds for supporting R & D in future. • Globalisation of operations leading to benefits of economies of scale.

15. Facilities outbound by foreign direct investment. • Earnings through technology transfer agreements. • Developing international reputation and attractinf overseas investors. • Increase of national influence over other countries. • Growth of national economy in forign market.