with pollen & microfossils indicating warm temps.

1. with pollen & microfossils indicating warm temps.

2. Amazon.com http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/images/eol/2003/owenslake.html http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/ov_aqueduct1/page19.html http://www.epa.gov/region09/air/owens/

3. Global warming and freshwater supply in Asia… The Himalayan glaciers feed seven of the great rivers of Asia (the Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He) and supply fresh (melt) water runoff to 1/3 of the world’s population (~ 2 billion people). http://assets.panda.org/downloads/glacierspaper.pdf http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Himalayas.jpg

4. Reconstructing climates is detective work. Sherlock Holmes: A Study in Scarlet, p. 57 Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you what the result would be. They can put those events together in their minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass. There are few people, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve from their own inner consciousness what the steps were which led up to that result. This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backwards, or analytically."

5. Natural archives http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/darwin/dhwqmp/dhwq-200-03.html https://www.e-education.psu.edu/gened/egee101/Examples/109_temperature_new.html http://www.research.noaa.gov/spotlite/archive/images/liquidgold_treering.jpg

6. Instrumental or historical archives http://banana.ifa.hawaii.edu/Weather/weather_station.gif Price of rye in Germany vs. time expressed as an index. (Source: Lamb, 1995) http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/lia/little_ice_age.html

7. Sediment accumulates in “low spots”

8. http://www.usssp-iodp.org/Education/One_core.html http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/maps/iodp_odp_dsdp.gif

9. What are the sediment archives and what can they tell us? Sediment ArchiveProxy Indicator of coarse sand fraction of biogenic material surface and deep water environmental conditions lithic grains (ice-rafted debris) glacial activity on land volcanic ash volcanic activity on land

10. Biological clues Azolla: freshwater fern spore pollen http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/big_images/NS_PN_B786630-Pollen_grain,_ESEM-SPL.jpg http://www.water.sannet.ne.jp/nirei/palynology/zukan/spore01.jpg

11. Developmental Steps in SST History G. T. Polar type The dominant planktonic species, indicating presence of cool surface waters Non-polar types

12. Types physical and compositional evidence of past environments Illite clay: physical weathering Kaolinite clay: chemical weathering http://www.ualberta.ca/~jwaldron/gallerypages/wavetide.html http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/minerals/potplant.htm

15. http://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical10.jsphttp://www.koshland-science-museum.org/exhibitgcc/historical10.jsp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_core

16. http://the-periodic-table.org/printable.gif

17. Determining age – isotopic decay “clocks”

18. Determining age – isotopic decay “clocks”

19. Determining age – isotopic decay “clocks”

20. Determining age – counting backwards (seasonal or annual layers) http://www.geo.arizona.edu/Antevs/nats104/00lect11.html

21. Determining age – matching to known patterns magnetic pole reversal pattern http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/geos462/pmabutlr.gif

22. Determining age – matching to known patterns Glacial-interglacial cycles

23. Resolution of record - How detailed can you get? depends on sedimentation (accumulation) rate

24. Resolution of record - How detailed can you get? depends on how disturbed archive is http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/207_IR/chap_06/c6_f7.htm

25. What archives you use depends on the timespan you are trying to reconstruct. And – the more clues the better – aim for amultiproxy approach.