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Personality

Personality. Personality. Characteristic patterns of emotional responses, thoughts, and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across situations . Thinking Feeling Behaving.  Need to consider enduring aspects of behavior…

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Personality

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  1. Personality

  2. Personality Characteristic patterns of emotional responses, thoughts, and behaviors that are relatively stable over time and across situations. • Thinking • Feeling • Behaving  Need to consider enduring aspects of behavior… “not one time at bat in baseball but the season’s hitting average, not a evening’s flirtation or adventure but marriage or an enduring relationship.” (A. H. Buss, 1989, University of Texas)

  3. Allport • Personality is… • The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought

  4. More Freud…

  5. Personality Development • Psychosexual stages of development

  6. Defense Mechanisms

  7. Regression • defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

  8. Reaction Formation • defense mechanism in which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites • people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

  9. Projection • defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others • Rationalization • defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions

  10. Displacement • defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward another object or person • Sublimation • Channeling unacceptable impulses into constructive behaviors

  11. Skinner’s view of personality • Skinner showed us that reinforcement contingencies could influence behavior. In fact, Skinner thought personality was essentially the product of a person’s history of reinforcement

  12. Humanistic Perspective • Carl Rogers (1902-1987) • focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals • genuineness • acceptance • empathy

  13. Love the sinner, hate the sin Carl Rogers’ Personality Theory I love you IF…

  14. Traits • Gordon Allport wrote the influential book, “Personality” in 1937. He developed his ideas about “traits” viewing these as the basic structural elements of personality. • Traits were defined as a predisposition to respond in a particular way to a broad range of situations. So an even-tempered person remains calm across a broad range of situations. The situations or stimuli are rendered “functionally equivalent” - opportunities to exercise restraint. Each person has a certain expressive and adaptive style that they bring to the situation.

  15. Big 5 personality test

  16. Extroverted people Energetic Enthusiastic Dominant Sociable Talkative Introverted people Shy Retiring Submissive Quiet Extroversion

  17. High Agreeableness Friendly Cooperative Trusting Warm Low Agreeableness Cold Quarrelsome Agreeableness

  18. Conscientious Cautious Dependable Organized Responsible Impulsive Careless Disorderly Undependable Conscientiousness

  19. Emotionally unstable Nervous High-strung Tense Worrying Emotionally stable Calm Contented Neuroticism

  20. High on Openness Imaginative Witty Original Artistic Low on Openness Down to earth Conventional Conformist Simple Openness

  21. Big Five personality dimensions Openness to Experience (intellect, imagination, curiosity, creativity) Conscientiousness (order, duty, deliberation, self-discipline) Extraversion (sociability, assertiveness, activity, positive emotions) Agreeableness (trust, nurturance, kindness, cooperation) Neuroticism (anxiety, depression, moodiness,vulnerability to stress)

  22. Type and Trait Approaches Describe Behavioral Dispositions • “Personality Types” are discrete categories into which we place people • Personality “traits” are dispositional: they predispose persons to behave, think, and feel in enduring patterns across situations • Type and trait approaches describe but do not explain patterns

  23. Personality Reflects Learning and Cognitive Processes • Cognitive perspectives include: • Personal constructs: • Expectancies and value: • Beliefs in “locus of control”

  24. Personality Refers to Both Unique and Common Characteristics • Gordon Allport distinguished two approaches: • Idiographic approaches are “person centered” • Nomothetic approaches examine characteristics common to all persons, but on which people vary, and focus on differences between persons

  25. We Can Use Objective and Projective Methods to Assess Personality • Assessment methods often vary with theoretical preferences • Psychodynamic theorists like projective methods more than Trait theorists, who use objective methods • Objective methods use self-reports • Projective methods purport to tap the unconscious using ambiguous stimuli

  26. Assessing the Unconscious

  27. Thematic Apperception Test • Projective Test • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) • Based on Freud’s defense mechanisms (repression, projection)

  28. Animals do have personality & it can be assessed

  29. Personality Is Rooted in Genetics • Adoption Studies show: • Adopted siblings are no more alike in personality than randomly selected persons are • Personalities of adopted children are largely unrelated to their adoptive parents • Are there specific genes for personality?

  30. Personality Is Rooted in Genetics: Twin Studies

  31. Cortical Arousal Differences • Eysenck (1967) • He suggests that the difference between introverts and extroverts depends on the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) • Causes introverts to be “stimulus shy” • Causes extroverts to be “stimulus hungry”

  32. Introverts Extraverts High Performance Low Low Moderate High Arousal Eysenck Arousal Explanation

  33. Why are there personality differences? • Should natural selection make people more similar? • Random variation • Frequency dependent selection • Inheritance of alternative strategies • Group selection?

  34. Personality Test • http://www.personal.psu.edu/~j5j/IPIP/ipipneo300.htm

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