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The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia

The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia. Chapter 2 1415-1796 How did European voyages of exploration lead to European empires in the Eastern Hemisphere?.

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The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia

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  1. The Beginnings of Our Global Age: Europe, Africa, and Asia Chapter 2 1415-1796 How did European voyages of exploration lead to European empires in the Eastern Hemisphere?

  2. Students analyze political and economic change in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries (the Age of Exploration, the Enlightenment, and the Age of Reason). • Trace the great voyages of discovery, the locations of the routes, and the influence of cartography in the development of a new European worldview. • Discuss the exchanges of plants, animals, technology, culture, and ideas among Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and the major economic and social effects on each continent. Standards

  3. The Search for Spices Section 1

  4. Control trade (spices for food preservation, flavor, and medicine) • Find direct access to Asia (Moluccas, Indonesia) to gain wealth • Curiosity about new lands; inspired by Renaissance Reasons to Explore Lovina, DEIC – Bali, Indonesia

  5. Portugal sailed east and claimed Azores and Madeira Islands and expanded into North Africa • Saw promise in Africa • Chance to convert natives to Christianity • Find source of riches that Muslim traders controlled Portugal Sails East

  6. Prince Henry aka Henry the Navigator tries to find alternate route to Asia by sailing around Africa – hires scientists, cartographers, and experts to redesign ships and invent navigation tools. • 1488 Bartholomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa called Cape of Good Hope • 1497 Vasco da Gama successfully reaches Asia and creates a vast trading empire • Reached Calicut on the west coast of India • Perilous journey at sea; many died of hunger, thirst, and scurvy • Portuguese seize key ports in Indian Ocean increasing trade empire and making Portugal a world power Portugal Leads

  7. Columbus Sails West • Columbus, an Italian navigator, is sponsored by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain to find a route to Asia • Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to strengthen Catholicism; expelled Jews but lost wealth and culture • 1492 Discovered route to two new continents • 1493 Treaty of Tordesillas - Trading and exploration rights divided between Portugal and Spain • Other nations realize they must explore and build their empires quickly

  8. America named after an Italian sea captain whose journal was used by a German cartographer • Over time, continents called “Americas” and the area Columbus explored called West Indies

  9. The Search for a Direct Route Continues • English, Dutch, and French explored North America for a northwest passage to Asia. • 1519 – Ferdinand Magellan’s crew is the first to circumnavigate the globe. Only 1 out of 5 ships survived the 3-year voyage. • Renamed the Pacific Ocean meaning “peaceful”; originally named South Sea by Balboa

  10. Turbulent Centuries in Africa Section 2

  11. Portuguese establish forts and trading posts in West Africa • Portuguese attack coastal cities of East Africa • Portuguese expel the Arabs and take over East African trade network • Portuguese rarely ventured into the interior of the continent; did not leave lasting legacy European footholds

  12. 1500s-1600s – Slaves considered the most important trade item from Africa • “slave” comes from the large number of Slavs taken from southern Russia to work as unpaid laborers in Roman times • European involvement encourages broader Atlantic slave trade (plantations and house servants) • Europeans rely on African rulers and traders to seize captives and trade for textiles, metalwork, rum, tobacco, and weapons. • Affonso I ruler of Kongo wanted to maintain European contact but end slave trade; appeal failed, slave trade too strong African Slave Trade

  13. Slave trade causes some small states to disappear and created powerful states that warred with others for control • Asante Kingdom united under Osei Tutu in present day Ghana and built an empire on gold mining and slave trade • The Oyo empire arises from successive waves of settlement by Yoruba people. Traded with Europeans at Porto -Novo New African States

  14. European presence expands • British, Dutch, and French took over Portuguese forts and established permanent footholds • 1652 Dutch establish permanent fort at Cape Town • Farmers called Boers believe they are superior to Africans and migrate north, battling with African groups along the way • 1788 British establish African Association, an organization that sponsored explorers to Africa – searching for source of the Nile A journal by Mungo Park on his travels to the African continent, particulary West Africa

  15. Why did Europeans explore the seas? • Identify early Portuguese and Spanish explorations. • Describe European searches for a direct route to Asia. • Describe how the Portuguese establish footholds on Africa’s coasts. • Explain how European actions affected the slave trade and the rise of African states. • Explain how the European presence in Africa expanded. Reading Check

  16. European Footholds in South and Southwest Asia Section 3

  17. Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire • 1510-The Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque’s command took control of Indian coastal cities to end Muslim power. • In less than 50 years, Portuguese built a trading empire with military and merchant outposts and gain control of the spice trade between Europe and Asia • Attack Muslims and Hindus in India and try to convert people to Christianity > unsuccessful

  18. Rise of the Dutch • Dutch are the first to challenge Portuguese for Asian trade. • Today = Netherlands • Formerly part of the Holy Roman Empire, later influenced by Protestant Reformation • Dutch warships and trading vessels made Netherlands a leader of European commerce • Established colonies and trading posts around the world. Cape Town (Africa) helps to secure a foothold in the region

  19. Rise of the Dutch • 1602 – Dutch East India Company formed. Had full sovereign powers (could build armies, wage war, etc.) • 1641 – took over Portuguese outpost at Malacca and opened trade with China. Forged closer ties than Portuguese. • 1700s – declined in power as England and France grew but maintained empire in Indonesia until 1900s

  20. Easily claimed the Philippines in 1521 (Magellan) because the natives were not united. Spanish priests convert Filipinos to Christianity • PI is key link in Spain’s overseas trading empire: silver mined in Mexico shipped to PI where it is used to buy Chinese goods. Spain Seizes the Philippines

  21. Mughal India and European Traders (Britain) • Mughal India was the center of the spice trade and more powerful and wealthy than any empire in Europe. • When Mughal power declined, Britain and France fought for control. Britain established British East India Company. • 1700s - British drive out French from India and dominate most of India

  22. Encounters in East Asia Section 4

  23. Ming China • The Ming limit trade with Portuguese and demand payment in gold or silver since European products were inferior. • Portuguese and later other Europeans establish trading post at Macao (present day Guangzhou) and allowed trade for a season and only under imperial supervision • Europeans try to convert Chinese; Jesuits more welcomed because of their vast knowledge.

  24. Manchu Conquest • 1644, Ming invaded by Manchu from the northeast; made Beijing the capital. • Manchu established Qing Dynasty and gained support from Chinese by adopting Confucian system of government and choosing one Chinese and one Manchu person for each top government position

  25. Manchu Conquest • New crops from the Americas (potatoes, corn) boost farm output and contribute to population boom in China - more than doubled in 60 years. • Qing maintain policy of restriction with foreign traders. • 1793 – Qianlong rejects trade negotiations to expand under the British (Lord Macartney)

  26. Korea chooses isolation • Korea invaded by Japanese twice and then by Manchu in 1636. became a tributary state. • Devastated by the invasions, Korean rulers adopted a policy of isolation. • Koreans imprison or kill shipwrecked Europeans. • Remain isolated for 250 years but tribute missions brought back books on science, arts, and literature.

  27. Foreign Traders in Japan • At first, Japanese welcome Westerners and adopt Western firearms. • Jesuits convert people to Christianity. • 1638-The Tokugawa shoguns worried about allegiance of Japanese Christians and expelled all foreigners. • Japanese remained isolated for more than 200 years but their internal trade and culture flourished. 1700s – Tokyo has larger population than London or Paris

  28. Explain how Portugal built a trading empire in South and Southeast Asia. • How were the Dutch and Spanish able to dominate in the region? • Describe how the decline of Mughal India affected European traders in the region. • How did the Manchu conquest impact European trade? • What factors led Korea to isolate itself from other nations? • What was Japan’s attitude toward foreign trade and how has it changed over time? READING CHECK

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