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Changing Conceptions of Childhood

Changing Conceptions of Childhood. Changing conceptions of childhood. Historical Background Poverty; high mortality rates Child abuse common Norms: Child labor; child abandonment among poor 17 th & 18 th centuries: philosophers’ visions John Locke Humans born a “tabula rasa”

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Changing Conceptions of Childhood

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  1. Changing Conceptions of Childhood

  2. Changing conceptions of childhood • Historical Background • Poverty; high mortality rates • Child abuse common • Norms: • Child labor; child abandonment among poor • 17th & 18th centuries: philosophers’ visions • John Locke • Humans born a “tabula rasa” • Jean Jacques Rousseau • Infants are innocent • We should lovingly nurture babies • These practices not instituted until early 20th century

  3. Changing Conceptions of Childhood • Late 19th Century: kinder, gentler view of children • Childhood protected, dependent life stage • Universal education: primary school mandatory • 20th Century: Adolescence: identified by G. Stanley Hall • Stage of “Storm and Stress” between childhood and adulthood • In the 1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt ordered high school attendance as mandatory. • Emerging Adulthood: newest life stage • Age 18 to late 20s • Time for personal exploration

  4. JEAN PIAGET 1896 – 1980 ‘genetic epistemology’

  5. COGNITIVE STAGES • Through observation noticed that children make similar errors in cognitive tasks • Mental structures; • Cognitive systems that organize thinking into coherent patterns so that all thinking takes place on the same level of cognitive functioning. • Maturation: Innate biologically based program is the driving force behind development. • In contrast to behaviorists, believed that children also construct their learning.

  6. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development • Piagetian key terms: • Schemes-cognitive structure for processing, organizing and interpreting information • Assimilation-new information is altered to fit an existing scheme • Accommodation-changing a scheme to adapt to the new information

  7. Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage • Sensorimotor stage • Composed of 4 substages

  8. Object Permanence • Object permanence -objects continue to exist even when not aware of them • Under 4 months no understanding • 4-8 months-some uncertain about existence • 8-12 months-Developing awareness • Will still make A not B error

  9. Piaget • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XwjIruMI94

  10. Evaluating Piaget’s Sensorimotor Theory • Criticisms include • Underestimating infants ability especially regarding object permanence • Renee Baillargeon and researchers tested infant abilities using the violation of expectations method. Children look longer in the spot, even though don’t grab for the object there. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2ovHFt5YXc • Object permanence may reflect memory development • Cultural limitations as well

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