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Final Exam Review

Final Exam Review. Introduction. The exam is not comprehensive, that can change. Equations are given, check: http://courses.washington.edu/cive316/cover.doc greater weight will be given to exact solutions.

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Final Exam Review

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  1. Final Exam Review

  2. Introduction • The exam is not comprehensive, that can change. • Equations are given, check: • http://courses.washington.edu/cive316/cover.doc • greater weight will be given to exact solutions. • Questions mainly of the types: True or False, analytical problems, illustrate, what is? … • Expect questions about the GPS demo. • This lecture is to review the second part topics only.

  3. Horizontal Curves • Horizontal: types, definitions, and uses • Curve relations • Station Equation • Laying out by deflection formula, check the project • Sight distance on a horizontal Curve

  4. Vertical Curves • Design Criteria • Equation of the parabolic shape in surveying terms, why parabolic? • Computations using the tangent offset equation • High or low points on a curve • Designing a curve to pass by a point • Sight distance sag and crest? • Safe length of the curve

  5. Coordinate Systems • Relationship between geodetic and SPCS • Relationship between geodetic and grid azimuth • review USRS, Geodetic and SPCS basics • Surveys extending from one zone to another

  6. Surveys of the Public Lands • PLSS: why ? where? accuracy considerations • System divisions: quadrangles, townships, sections, quarter sections, what are the corners? • System construction: Initial point, Principal Meridian, Base Line, Standard Parallels, Guide Meridians, Closing Corners, Standard corners, range and township lines. • In addition to understanding the system, you are expected to know how to draw sketches, compute distances, and decide which lines bound what division “ PM, GM, B.L, S.P bound quadrangle”, and so on.

  7. Boundary Surveys • Why ? • Different methods: • Metes and bounds: must mention certain info: point of beginning, definite corners, lengths and directions, neighbors, areas • Block and Lot: lot numbers, map books. • Description by coordinates.

  8. Construction Surveys • Stages: design, construction, and after construction. • Equipment: lasers, levels, total stations, GPS. • Control: before and during construction. • Staking out buildings, batter boards locations ? • Checking plumbness • Using a total station in construction surveys: first orient it, then use it to stakeout

  9. GPS • How to find the position of the receiver, what distances being measured. • Satellite constellation and ephemeris (broadcast and precise) • Signals: two carrier waves, two PRN codes, why? and additional data • What are: C/A, AS, SA, cycle ambiguity? • demo

  10. Position determination: • Pseudoranging: using codes. • By carrier wave measurement • Field procedures: Static, rapid static, kinematic, • pseudokinematic, real time kinematic • Errors: ephemeris, atmospheric effect, receiver • errors, multipath, centering, and elevation. • Coordinate system considerations: satellite to USRS, to • geodetic, then to whatever system • Planning a GPS project: how to read the tables and polar • maps • Try to remember what we did in the field

  11. Theory of Measurements and Errors • Types of errors and how they behave. How to adjust them. • Precision and accuracy • Errors and probability distribution. • standard deviation as a measure of precision • Error propagation: the law and how to apply it. Review how to derive basic functions. The law of error propagation will be given.

  12. Photogrammetry • Review camera components. • Geometry of vertical photos: image coordinate system, PP, exposure station. • side and end lap, strips and blocks. • Scale: at a point, photo average scale, from a map. • Ground coordinates: special system, just multiply photo coordinates by the scale. • Relief displacement, how to use it to compute object heights • Stereoscopic Parallax: what is it, why is it important, how parallax equations could be used. • Stereoscopic viewing: theory and conditions for stereo viewing. How did you see stereo in the demo? • Plotters, orthophotos, and ground control: read them.

  13. Remote Sensing • The electromagnetic spectrum, why can we see in sun light and not on earth’s emitted energy? • Spectral reflectance: how to use to distinguish different objects. what is spectral signature? • Why do we see trees green, … • main earth resource satellites: Spot and LandSat, spectral VS spatial resolution

  14. GIS • What is a GIS? • Layers concept • Spatial and non spatial data • Analytical functions: buffering, adjacency and connectivity, overlay,.. • Difference between GIS and LIS?

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