OBJECTIVES OF BASIC ENTOMOLOGY At the end of this section students should be able to:

1. OBJECTIVES OF BASIC ENTOMOLOGY At the end of this section students should be able to: 1) Understand that due to the great diversity of insects, and their genetic flexibility, here will always be species causing damage to forests and forest products. 2) Know the major taxonomic divisions including phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. 3) Know the characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda and the differences between the Chelicerata and Mandibulata. 4) Describe the specialized features of the class Insecta. 5) Describe the generalized parts of the chewing mouthparts and be familiar with the more specialized mouthpart types found throughout the class Insecta. 6) Describe the internal morphology of insects particularly the features of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, reproductive and nervous systems. 7) Describe the various types of metamorphosis and give examples of insect groups that have those types of development. 8) Define the terms instar, stadium, and generation in terms of insects. 9) Know the common and order names of the insect groups discussed in class and in the textbook.

3. Basic Entomology INSECTA Is a Taxonomic CLASS in the Phylum ARTHROPODA

4. The Taxonomic Hierarchy is: Kingdom ----- Animal Phylum ----- Arthropoda Class ----- Insecta Order ----- Coleoptera Family Genus Species

5. All Arthropods Have Several • Common Structural Characteristics: • A chitinous exoskeleton • The suit of armor of • this knight is somewhat • analogous to the insect • exoskeleton

6. All arthropods have: 2) Bilateral Symmetry

7. All arthropods have: 3) Jointed Appendages

8. All arthropods have: 4) Segmented Bodies

9. All arthropods also have: • A tubular digestive tract • A dorsal tubular circulatory system • A ventral nervous system

10. The Phylum Arthropoda Includes: Chelicerata = mouthparts outside the head Mandibulata = mouthparts inside the head

11. Chelicerata include some members important to foresters, including Scorpions, spiders, and ticks. Class Arachnida

12. Characteristics of Arachnids include: • All those of general arthropods • and • 2 body regions • No antennae • 4 pair of walking legs

13. Mandibulata include: Lobsters – Class Crustacea Centipedes – Class Chilopoda Millipedes – Class Diplopoda

14. Mandibulata also include: The Class Insecta:

15. Insects within the Class Insecta • have all the characteristics • of Arthropods • and • 3 body regions Head Thorax Abdomen

16. Insects also have: • 3 pairs of legs • (not two in spite of what you • may see in some movies) • 1 pair of antennae

17. The other Classes (Dipoloda, Chilopda) of Arthropods do not have these last three characteristics.

18. So, spiders are arthropods because they have: 1) Segmented bodies 2) Jointed appendages 3) Bilateral symmetry 4) A chitinous exoskeleton

19. But spiders are not insects because they have: 1) Only two body regions (not three) 2) 4 pairs of legs (not 3) 3) No antennae

20. Knowing what you now know about Arthropods; What is wrong with this cartoon?

21. Characteristics of exoskeleton and endoskeleton. Exoskeleton provides: 1) Support Large churches such as they have at the Air Force Academy have an external supporting structure, or exoskeleton which allows for large open spaces.

22. Exoskeleton provides: 2) Muscle attachment Insect muscles are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton

23. Exoskeleton provides: • 3) Body covering & good protection

24. Exoskeleton provides: • 4) Water conservation. Like the cactus, insects must conserve water

25. Exoskeleton provides: 5) Growth restrictions, which is a problem. Cicada Nymph just before molting

26. Exoskeleton provides: 6) Good mechanical advantage For Example: A common ordinary flea can jump about 8 inches high. A comparable feat for a human would be a leap of 800 feet.

27. All Insecta have 3 body regions which are called Tagma Tagma are groups of segments that function together to perform a general task. • Head = perception, food intake • Thorax = locomotion, food processing • Abdomen = reproduction, excretion

29. Structures on the Head include: • Antenna • 2) Eyes • 3) Mouthparts

30. Antenna • These are the odor receptors of insects • They come in a variety of forms and shapes • They are used by entomologists in • insect identification

31. Filiform Antennae, crickets et al.

32. Lamellate Antenna – May or June Beetles

33. Feathery Antennae: moths, butterflies

34. Aristate Antennae of TseTse Fly

35. Genulate or “elbowed” Antenna: Ants

36. The Velvet Ant is not an ant! Note the antennae. It is awaspand also called a Cow Killer.

37. Plumose antennae of Male Mosquitoes

39. Eyes • Compound Eyes • Simple eyes called Ocelli

40. Compound eyes Compound eyes are composed of many individual eye units called Ommatidia

41. Simple eyes - composed of 1 unit, often arranged in the shape of a triangle on adult insects

42. Larval insects, like caterpillars, do not have compound eyes. But they may have numerous Ocelli with which they see reasonably well.

44. Mouthparts: Insects have much variation in mouthparts, depending upon food habits and include: • Chewing -- grasshoppers, beetles, Lepidoptera larvae, • Chewing-lapping -- bees • Siphoning -- Butterflies • Piercing-Sucking -- aphids, mosquitoes, scale insects, leafhoppers • Sponging -- house flies • Cutting-Sponging -- Deer flies, horse flies

45. Chewing Mouthparts – Lady bug

46. Chewing-Lapping Mouthparts • Some insects, like honey bees, have normal mandibles but other structures are modified into • sucking lapping devices. Honeybees use their sucking mouthparts to collect nectar and their chewing mouthparts to chew and create waxy combs to store their nectar (honey).

47. Siphoning Mouthparts • Butterflies and moths have mouthparts permanently modified into a siphoning • tube proboscus

48. Siphoning mouthparts are usually coiled beneath the head when not in use

49. Lepidoptera mouthparts video

50. Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts • Mosquitoes, aphids, seed bugs