OPTICS

1. OPTICS

2. 1. LIGHT REFLECTION • Light reflection law • light comes (i), normal line and reflected ray (r) lays in one flat • incidence angle equal to angle of reflection (i = r)

3. Mirror • flat mirror • Shadow character: illusion, upright of equal size.

4. Shadow total Notes: n = shadow total  = corner between two mirrors

5. Curve mirror spheris Concave mirror : Convex mirror :

6. Rules : • No. R thing + no. R shadow = 5 • No. thing < no. R shadow  enlarged • Shadow in front of mirror  real upside down • Shadow rear mirror  upright illusion

7. Notes: R = mirror radius (cm) f = focus distance (cm) S = object distance (cm) S’= shadow distance (cm) h = object height (cm) h’= tall shadow (cm) M = shadow magnification • Notes: • R = 2f • concave mirror f & R (+) • convex mirror f & R (–)

8. 2. LIGHT REFRACTION • Light Laws of Refraction • light comes, normal line and refracted ray lays in one flat. • incidence angle sine comparison (i) and angle of refraction sine (r) always permanent.

9. In operative light refraction : n1 sin i = n2 sin r n1 V1 = n2 V2 n1 . 1 = n2 . 2 f1 = f2 Notes: n1, n2 = refraction profitabiliti medium 1 and 2 v1, v2 = fast spread light in medium 1 and 2 f1, f2 = light frequency in medium 1 and 2 i = come corner r = angle of refraction

10. B. Refraction in lens • Thick lens Notes: n1, n2 = refraction profitabiliti medium 1 and 2 s = thing location (cm) s’ = shadow location (cm) R = curvature radius (cm) M = shadow magnification

11. In operative thin lens : Notes: f = focus distance (cm) S = object distance (cm) S’ = shadow distance (cm) h = object height (cm) h’ = tall shadow (cm) M = shadow magnification • Thin lens

12. Thin lens there 2 kinds : • convex lens (positive lens) • concave lens (negative lens) Rules in thin lens: No. R thing + no. R bay = 5 No. R thing < no. R  enlarged Shadow in front of lens  upright illusion

13. Lens shaper similarity: Strong lens : Notes: f = focus of lens distance (cm) n2 = indeks lens refraction n1 = indeks environment refraction R = curvature radius (cm) P = strong lens (dioptri=D)

14. Notes: fgab = federation focus of lens distance (cm) f1,2,3 = focus of lens distance 1, 2, 3 (cm) Pgab = strong federation lens (dioptri=D) P1,2,3 = strong lens 1, 2, 3 (dioptri=D) In similarity operative federation lens:

15. Light refraction in prism • Angle of deviation :  = i1 + r2 -  • = r1 + i2 • Deviation minimum : i1 = r2dan r1 = i2 very little ( < 150) m = (n2/n1 – 1)  • Light dispersi •  = u - m • = (nu – nm).prism on the air, deviation minimum and  little

16. 3. INTERFERENSI LIGHT Interferensidouble gap(Young) (bright pattern) d sin  (k – ½ ) (dark pattern) Jika <<, maka: k(bright pattern) dp/l = (k – ½ )(dark pattern) Keterangan:  = angle of deviation d = distance 2 gaps P = distance 2 patterns in sail l = gap distance to sail  = monochromatic light wavelength that is used

17. Interferensicincin Newton • k(dark pattern) • rk2/R = • (k – ½ ) (bright pattern) • Notes: • r = dark/bright ring radius • R = lens curvature radius • k = 1, 2, 3, … •  = light wavelength that dropped in lens B. Interferensiin thin layer k(pattern min) 2 ndcos r= (k – ½)(pattern max) Notes: n = layer refractive index d = thick layer r = angle of refraction k = 1, 2, 3, …  = wavelength hits layer

18. 4. INTERFERENSI CAHAYA Difraksicelahtunggal k(dark pattern) d sin  (k + ½) (bright pattern) Notes: k = 1, 2, 3, … d = wide gap  = angle of deviation  = light wavelength

19. Diffraction multi gap (grid diffraction) k(bright pattern) d sin  (k - ½)(dark pattern) if q <<, so d sin q = dp/l p = pattern distance at sail l = gap distance to sail Notes: d = grid constant = distance 2 gaps serially k = 1, 2, 3,…. If  <<, so d sin  = dp/l p = pattern distance at sail l= gap distance to sail

20. 5. LIGHT POLARIZATION Polarization because reflection Light bounces back polarization, if refracted ray vertical reflected ray. tgip = n2/n1 n2 > n1 ip = polarization corner = Brewster corner

21. Polarization because selective absorption • P = polarisator • A = analisator • Electricity field sustained analisator: • E = E0cos • Intensity sustained: • I = I0 cos2 • = corner between axis • polarisator and • analisator

22. 6. OPTICS TOOLS A. Eye • Thing visible clear if shadow falls in retina • Shadow character: real, upside down, decried • Normal eye : Sn = pp = 25 cm PR = ~ B. Glasses • To help eye defect sufferer sight.

23. Eye defect kind: 1. Miop (far nearsighted) • less clear see far • helped negative lens 2. Hipermetrop (nearsighted near) • less clear see near • helped positive lens 3. Presbiop (old eye) • less clear see far/near • weak accomodations power the cause • helped lens bifokal

24. Lup (authority glass) Shadow character: illusion, upright, enlarged. Magnification anguler: Keterangan: Sn = normal distance f = focus distance lup x = eye distance to shadow d = eye distance to lup without accomodations x = PR normal eye: PR = ~ M = Sn/f maximum accomodations x = Sn Normal eye, d = 0  M = Sn/f + 1

25. D. Microscope Microscope formulas : 1/fob = 1/Sob + 1/S’ob 1/fok = 1/Sok + 1/S’ok d = S’ob + Sok d = long microscope tube Microscope magnification: M = Mob . Mok Mob = S’ob/Sob Mok = Sn/fok + 1 maximum accomodations Mok = Sn/fokwithout accomodations

26. Binoculars Long binoculars : d = fob + fok relax d = fob + Sokaccomodations in distance x maximum accomodations : S’ok = - Sn Magnification anguler : M = fob/fok relax M = fob/Sokaccomodations in distance x For tube long earth binoculars augmentings 4 fp, (fp = commutator focus of lens distance)

27. Resolution corner minimum : m = 1,22 . /D dm = 1,22 . Notes: m = resolution corner minimum  = light wavelength (m) d = optics tool aperture (m) dm = power decomposes optics tool (m) l = object distance to optics tool (m) F. Power decomposes optics tool