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Introduction to Venezuelan Politics Pl.Sc . 422

Introduction to Venezuelan Politics Pl.Sc . 422. Simón Bolívar and South American Independence Venezuela splits from Gran Colombia (1830) The Federal Wars 1858-63 Desire for a more democratic society Anti-clericalism Personalism Caracas vs. Interior. Nineteenth Century Heritage.

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Introduction to Venezuelan Politics Pl.Sc . 422

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  1. Introduction to Venezuelan Politics Pl.Sc. 422

  2. Simón Bolívar and South American Independence • Venezuela splits from Gran Colombia (1830) • The Federal Wars 1858-63 • Desire for a more democratic society • Anti-clericalism • Personalism • Caracas vs. Interior Nineteenth Century Heritage

  3. Victorious “Liberals” fail to restore order • Three more years of instability lead to victory of Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Liberal Enlightenment (1870 – 1888) • Centralization of power in Caracas • Economic development • Modernization Nineteenth Century Heritage

  4. Rules directly or behind the scenes • Holiday in Paris (1884-1886Autocratic, but a modernizer • Centralization of power in Caracas • Economic development • Modernization Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Liberal Enlightenment (1870 – 1888)

  5. Political Chaos Ends Liberal Era • 1890 Guzmán Blanco’s heirs divide into factions • 1899 – clash among political factions leads to violence • Return of revolutionary chaos opens the way for Andean domination.

  6. THE ANDEAN DICTATORSHIPS BEGIN • Cipriano Castro and the Táchira Revolutionaries • October 22, 1899 – Victorious Andeans enter Caracas • Castro in power 1899-1908 • Four years of intermittant fighting • Default on foreign debts leads to blockade (1902) • U.S.: role as negotiator • Castro becomes nationalist hero by resisting demands for debt payment by North Atlantic nations • November 1908 – to Europe for an operation

  7. Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935 • Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935) • Political unification • Economic transformation • Primitive style – runs Venezuela like his ranch • Cattle deals used to build the state • Force and economic incentives ensure loyalty of the inner circle • Outburst of hatred against Gómez clan upon the passing of the dictator

  8. Heirs of Gomez: Modernization and Oligarchic Democracy (1935-1945 • López Contraras • Medina Angarita (1940-45) • Continuing modernization • Nationalism and petroleum • Politics of the aborted 1945 presidential election campaign • Revolution of October 18, 1945

  9. A DECADE OF REVOLUTIONARY MODERNIZATION • Trienio (1945-48) • Rapid modernization of peasants • AD takes control of organized labor • Marxist cast of AD governments antagonizes the church • Incorporation of provincial middle class • Constitution of 1947 • Universal suffrage • Representative democracy

  10. Elections of December, 1947 • AD’s Rómulo Gallegos wins more than 2/3 of vote • Opposition parties frustrated • COPEI (Christian Democrats) • PCV (Communists) • URD (Democratic Republican Union) • Sectarianism leads to revolution of November 28, 1948

  11. TEN YEARS OF POLITICAL INSTABILITY (1948-58) • Dictablanda (1948-52) • Pérez Jiménez and the New National Ideal • Populism • General Pérez Jiménez and the New National Ideal • Physical development • Reliance on petroleum income • Decay of the military regime • Increasing persecution of opponents • Corruption • All work and no play makes Marcos a dull boy

  12. Democratic Forces meet in New York City to coordinate efforts against General PérezJiménez (Fall of 1957) Plebiscite on another term (November 1957) Democratic Revolution of January 23, 1958 Return of exiles Pact of PuntoFijo (shares power) TRANSITION TO REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY • Orinoco River

  13. TRANSITION TO REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY • National Elections: December 1958 • Results (Presidential) • AD: Rómulo Betancourt (49%) • URD, PCV: Admiral Wolfgang Larrazabal (35%) • COPEI: Rafael Caldera (16%) • January 1, 1959 – Punto Fijo democracy begins

  14. CARACAS (1960’s)

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