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Civic Culture. Political Culture of Democracy. What are the social structures and processes that support political culture? What is the Political Character of a world or national culture?. Participation. Democracy - citizens have the right to have influence
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Political Culture of Democracy • What are the social structures and processes that support political culture? • What is the Political Character of a world or national culture?
Participation • Democracy - citizens have the right to have influence • Totalitarian - citizens act as parochial subjects • Political Culture is more than institutions of government (executive, legislative, judicial)
Civic Culture • a shared culture of political accommodation • pluralistic culture based on communication and persuasion • a culture of consensus and diversity • a culture that permits change but moderates change • combines elements of traditional and modern • emerged first in Great Britain • Other nations with a civic culture: USA, Switzerland, Sweden,Norway, Finland
Political Culture • thus refers to specific political orientations - attitudes toward the political system and its component parts. This includes attitudes (at the individual level) of the role of self in the system. -political efficacy -political trust
"culture" in political culture • Alternatively, political culture can be viewed as a set of orientations toward a special set of social objects and processes. • The "culture" in political culture allows us to examine or include (for consideration) psychological orientations toward social objects. • What, then, is the political culture of a state? • It is that particular distribution of patterns of orientation toward political objects among members (citizens) of the state.
What is orientation? • 1) cognitive orientation - knowledge and belief about the political system (roles, inputs, outputs). • 2) affective orientation - feeling about the political system its roles, personnel and performance. (efficacy) • 3) evaluational orientation - the judgements and opinions about political objects that typically involve standards and criteria with information and feelings (trust)
How do you evaluate the orientation of a society toward its political system? • 1) What general knowledge do individuals possess about their country & political system? • 2) What knowledge do individuals possess of structures & roles, political elites, policy making? The individual's feelings about these? • 3) What knowledge does the individual have of the downward flow of policy enforcement? (examples: structures/processes, individuals involved?) • 4) How do individuals perceive themselves as members of their political systems? What are individuals' knowledge of their rights, powers, obligations?
Out of the evaluation can you score societies and assign a classification? Yes. • Parochial Political Culture • scores zero or near zero on 1-4 • South American tribal societies, societies in remote areas • expectations of change or action initiated by the political system is absent
Subject Political Culture • high frequency of orientations toward a differentiated political system • orientations toward self as an active participant approach zero • understands outputs of political system • essentially passive • apt to be affective and normative (knows • institutions exist, accords them limited or no legitimacy - emotional and value judgments dominate - not a cognitive approach).
Participant Political Culture • oriented explicitly to the system as a whole and • to both the political and administrative structures and processes of the system • (inputs and outputs).
Composition of Orientations • All three can exist simultaneously in a state!!! • Individually: a citizen can be a mix of participant, subject and parochial orientation • Collectively: a given political culture, but especially civic cultures, are a mix of citizens who are subjects, parochials, and participants.
What is the effect of economics on culture? • Material-Post Material shift • Material values: emphasis on economic security and on physical security. Those who feel insecure about these needs have a fundamentally different outlooks and political behavior from those who feel secure about them. • war produces both economic and physical insecurity • poor individuals tend to be exposed to both economic and physical insecurity (poverty and high crime rates).
Post-material values • emergence of the satisfaction of the physiological needs allows a growing emphasis on non-physiological needs (higher order needs) • social equality, environmental protection, cultural pluralism, and self-expression • A number of movements have emerged in the modern era that can be classified as satifying higher order needs: • environmental movement • women's movement • expansion of social and political freedoms • demands for equal treatment (ethnicity)
Other Theoretical Approaches • Modernization • Dependency and Marxism • Corporatism • Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
Modernization • Based on two ideas about social change: • Traditional versus Modern • Folk-urban dichotomy (anthropology) • Theory of Evolution • Social evolution theory: modern (industrial) emerges in stages from traditional (theological/military) • Theory of Stages of Growth • All societies alike at “traditional” stage – eventually they pass through same sets of changes that lead to modernization – Rostow. • Theory modeled on 1st world extended to 3rd world • The application of technology to control nature as engine of growth
Dependency and Marxism • Challenge to Modernization Theory • Originated in the debate about Latin American underdevelopment. • Two primary factors: • Underdevelopment • Neo-Marxism • Underdevelopment explanation externalized • System of international free trade at fault • International economy portrayed as divided into a center and periphery • ISI policies recommended as solution
Import-Substitution Industrialization • Goal: to move Latin America from an inward to an outward pattern of development • Measures: • Protection for domestic industry (tariff/subsidy) • Structural reforms (land reform/income redistribution) • To expand the power of the internal market for local industry by increasing the purchasing power of peasants and workers • ISI failures • Domestic markets reached limits • MNCs to avoid tariffs established subsidiaries in LA countries (role of foreign capital underestimated)
Marxism (Neo) • Leninist view of capitalism was that it would reach its zenith during the imperial era and decline from there • Researchers examining failures of ISI changed the Marxist focus on center countries to periphery nations and how they were impacted by imperialist MNCs (negative) • New Left thinkers with the Cuban revolution noticed peasants, not workers more inclined to revolt. • Perhaps Communism’s two stage approach was limited (bourgeoisie to full cap=alliance with workers to revolution to establish socialism).
Neo-Marxism • The duty of revolutionaries was to make revolutions (Che Guevara) • Human will can overcome objective limitations (necessity for full capitalism) • Western imperialism had drained capital and stunted its growth in the periphery nations • Latin America was doomed to stagnate without political revolution.
Dependency • Rejected the modernizationists’ contention that certain that certain cultural and institutional features caused underdevelopment • Global approach linking internal and external factors • Insertion into global econ during imperial era shaped the region’s economic growth (international division of labor imposed by west) • No comparative advantage • Center gained at expense of periphery which constrained economic potential of Third World
Dependency • A situation in which the economy of a certain country is conditioned by the development and expansion of another economy to which the first nation is subjected. • Interndependent relationship is constrained into dependency when only one of the two nations is able to grow its economy and the other nation is able only to grow as a reflection of the others expansion.
Corporatism • A theory of community and the state. • organic state tradition – stresses the political community, functional associations, and the role of the state in promoting the common good. • Assumes that the preferred form of political life is an association of individuals as members of a community. • Liberalism emphasizes individual self-interest • Marxism emphasizes mode of production/class struggle • Political institutions are a natural organic element of society. • Institutions must be infused with authority to fulfill proper roles
Corporatism • The state the most perfect form of political community • The component parts of the state: family, private associations, churches, clubs, interest groups • All have a role/proper function to which they are intimately connected. • The role of the state and its morality (to govern with a view to the common interest) are central. • In opposition to: • Marxism (in violation of the harmonious community idea) • Liberalism/Capitalism (antagonism between classes and the idea of the weak state) • Finally, the public common interest dominates the private individual interest
New Corporatism • A system of interest representation in which the constituents are organized into a limited number of singular, compulsory, noncompetitive, hierarchically ordered and functionally differentiated categories, recognized or licensed by the state (but not created) and granted a deliberate monopoly within their respective categories in exchange for observing certain controls on their selection of leaders and articulation of demands and supporters. (Schmitter)
Critiques • An apology for fascism • Overly dramatic/rigid definition of class conflict • Implicitly accepting the traditional/modern dichotomy of Modernization Theory (why is this bad?) • Theory stresses cultural values as key therefore is it really a significant departure from Modernization?
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism • Emerged as an attempt to understand militarization of government in South America during the 1960s and 1970s. • Militaries emerged in this time as governing institutions with a plan for accelerating industrial growth (foreign investments, control over suffrage, wage controls) • Draws on Modernization, Dependency and Corporatism • Primary hypothesis: That in late-developing countries more advanced levels of industrialization might actually coincide with the collapse of democracy and an increase in inequality.
Steps to Authoritarianism • Economic stagnation (possibly collapse) • Usually during developmental process • Increasing demands on government from citizens • resolve the economic situation • Political inability • Coalition of private, government, citizens look to military for solution
O’Donnell’s B.A. • Bureaucratic Authoritarianism for O’Donnell is a product of the modernization process instead of producing a tendency toward democratization and increased social equity. • Problems?
