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Did you enjoy our unplanned snowed up holidays?

Did you enjoy our unplanned snowed up holidays?. GEJ2. GEJ1. GEJ1 / NP: loose ends. CASE. NOT THIS CASE:. NOT EVEN THIS CASE:. ESPECIALLY NOT THIS CASE:. THIS CASE:. SCOTT PILGRIM vs. 7 EVIL EXES. … EVIL EX: Hey , look birds, we have unfinished business, I and he .

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Did you enjoy our unplanned snowed up holidays?

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  1. Did you enjoy our unplanned snowed up holidays?

  2. GEJ2 GEJ1

  3. GEJ1 / NP:looseends

  4. CASE

  5. NOT THIS CASE:

  6. NOT EVEN THIS CASE:

  7. ESPECIALLY NOT THIS CASE:

  8. THIS CASE:

  9. SCOTT PILGRIM vs. 7 EVIL EXES … EVIL EX: Hey, look birds, we have unfinished business, I and he. SCOTT: He and me. EVIL EX: Hey, don’t you talk to me about grammar! SCOTT: I dislike you, capish? … WHO IS RIGHT? SCOTT OR ONE OF THE 7 EVIL EXES? ACTUALLY, IT’S THE EVIL EX WHO IS RIGHT. THE THING THAT IS WRONG HERE IS SCOTT’S DECISION TO USE THE DATIVE PRONOUN “ME” IN THE POSITION WHERE THE NOMINATIVE FORM “I” IS REQUIRED. I and John are leaving. OR Me and John are leaving. ???

  10. WHAT IS CASE? Case is a nominal category. Intuitively, we could say that the term case applies in the first instance to a system of inflectional forms of a noun to mark the (syntactic?) function of a NP relative to the construction containing it. Alternatively, we could say that case is a grammatical category that can express a number of different relationships between nominal elements.

  11. WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE? [NP[Cthulhu]’s destructionof[South Park]] = NP Katuluovorazaranje Saut Parka Cthulhu = the one who destroys (agent/doer) South Park = the thing being destroyed (theme/affected)

  12. WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE CATEGORY OF CASE? [The boy in the red sweater] gave [the boy wearing the orange suit] [a smack on the face] with a pan. The boy in the red sweater = the one who smacks (agent/doer) the boy wearing the orange suit = the person being smacked (theme/affected) a smack on the face = the effect of the activity (result/effected) He gave hima smack on the face with a pan.

  13. LET’S TURN OUR GREY CELLS ON! SO, WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS EXPRESSED BY THE NOMINAL CATEGORY OF CASE?

  14. CASE: primary function • The nominal category of case expresses the SEMANTIC ROLES of noun phrases. • Noun phrases bear semantic roles both when they are INDEPENDENT (e.g. S, O, C) and when they are DEPENDENT (inside other phrases). • DIGRESSION: The NP, unlike any other phrase, can express the meaning of a whole sentence: Cthulu’s destruction of South Park = Cthulu destroyed South Park.

  15. CASES IN ENGLISH?

  16. Sg (German) Pl (German) Sg (English) Pl (English) Nominative Das Haus Die Häuser The house The houses Genitive Des Hauses Der Häuser The house’s The houses’ Dative Dem Haus(e) Den Häusern The house The houses Accusative Das Haus Die Häuser The house The houses

  17. CASE FORMS IN ENGLISH English is said to have a TWO-CASE SYSTEM, but WITH THREE CASES: PARADOXICAL? 1. Plain/Common Case → a) Nominative/Subjective Case → b) Accusative/Objective Case 2. Genitive Case Example: I slept soundly. → NP = Nom./Subj. Please help me. → NP = Acc./Obj. Where is mybag? → NP = Gen./inside a larger NP

  18. Common Case Nominative vs. Accusative In Present-day English the contrast between nominative and accusative case is found only with a handful of pronouns: NominativeAccusative Personal : I Me We Us He Him She Her They Them Interrogative : Who Whom

  19. CASE FORMS OF NOUNS IN ENGLISH • The actual number of nominal case forms in English depends largely on whether you WRITEthe forms or you PRONOUNCE the forms. • The genitive inflection is phonologically identical with the regular plural inflection, so the case distinction is neutralized in the plural of the vast majority of nouns in English.

  20. CASE FORMS IN ENGLISH • Orthographically, i.e. in writing, a FOURFOLD CASE DISTINCTION always obtains: • One cow’s tail. • All the cows’ tails. • With irregular nouns, a FOURFOLD CASE DISTINCTION is also usually obtained in both WRITING and SPEECH.

  21. GENITIVE INFLECTION: realizations

  22. GENITIVE INFLECTION • However, the genitive inflection is unique in one particular aspect. • [Morten]’smicrophone • [the King]’smicrophone (King = Elvis) • [the late King of pop music]’smicrophone NOTE: * the late King’s of pop music microphone The genitive suffix is NOT ADDED TO NOUNS, it is ADDED TO NOUN PHRASES.

  23. GENITIVE INFLECTION • When the genitive inflection is added to a noun phrase with postmodification, it is called GROUP GENITIVE or PHRASAL GENITIVE. • [the chief of staff]’soffice • [the chiefs of staff]’sdebriefing • [the teacher of music]’sroom • [somebody else]’sfault NOTE THAT THE GENITIVE SUFFIX IS ADDED TO THE LEFT EDGE OF THE PHRASE REGARDLESS WHETHER IT ENDS IN A NOUN OR SOME OTHER PART OF SPEECH. • [the man opposite me]’sfacial expression [PRON.] • [the man in black]’sface [ADJ] • [a man I know]’scoat [V] • [the man I talked about]’sbook [P] • [the man I saw yesterday]’shat [ADV]

  24. GENITIVE INFLECTION • However, the group genitive is avoided WHEN THE POSTMODIFICATION IS LESS INSTITUTIONALIZED, especially in FORMAL CONTEXTS. • ??? [the man in the dark suit]’sname • OK: the name of [the man in the dark suit] • [the King of pop music]’smicrophone WHAT DOES THIS ACTUALLY MEAN? SOMETHING YOU ALREADY KNOW! The genitive case is NOT NECESSARILY REALIZED BY THE GENITIVE SUFFIX ‘S / ‘, it is SOMETIMES RELIZED BY THE PREPOSITIONAL OF-GENITIVE. ‘S / ‘ GENITIVE IS CALLED THE SAXON GENITIVE. OF-GENITIVE IS CALLED THE NOMAN GENITIVE.

  25. GENITIVE MARKERS: ‘S vs. OF • The Saxon genitive and the Norman genitive are USUALLY INTERCHANGEABLE, BUT THIS IS NOT A GENERAL RULE. • [the yacht]’sname • the name of [the yacht] • [John]’shouse • * the house of [John] • the front of [the car] • * [the car]’sfront THE CHOICE OF USING EITHER OF-GENITIVE, ‘S GENITIVE OR BOTH DEPENDS ON THE MEANING OF THE HEAD NOUN (I.E. SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/CLASS OF THE HEAD)

  26. GENITIVE MARKERS: ‘S vs. OF

  27. GENITIVE FUNCTIONS IN NPs THE GENITIVE CASE - Syntactic Point of View A NOUN PHRASE IN THE GENITIVE CASE PRECEDES THE HEAD NOUN OF A NP AND IS THEREFORE PART OF THE PREMODIFICATION OF THE HEAD NOUN. THERE ARE TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS THAT THE PREMODIFYING GENITIVE CASE NOUN CAN PERFORM: DETERMINER FUNCTION: Tom’s car (compare: *the Tom’s car) In this function, the genitive functions just like POSSESIVE DETERMINERS (my, your, her, etc.) MODIFIER FUNCTION: a pink girl’s car (compare: * pink girl’s car) In this function, the genitivefunctions just like ADJECTIVAL MODIFIERS.

  28. GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICS THE DETERMINER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS: Possessive Genitive: Example: Mr Johnson’s passport → Mr Johnson has a passport the earth’s gravity → the earth has a certain gravity Subjective Genitive: Example: the boy’s application → the boy applied for (…) her parents’ consent → the parents consented Objective Genitive: Example: the family’s support → (…) supports the family the boy’s release → released the boy Genitive of Origin: Example: the girl’s story → the girl told a story the general’s letter → the general wrote a letter Genitive of Attribute: Example: the victim’s courage → the victim had courage/was courageous PartitiveGenitive: Example: the baby’s eyes → the baby has (blue) eyes the earth’s surface → the earth has a (rough) surface

  29. GENITIVE MEANINGS: SEMANTICS THE MODIFIER GENITIVE CAN EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING MEANINGS: Descriptive Genitive: Example: a women’s college → a college for women a summer’s day → a summer day, a day in the summer Genitive of Measure: Example: ten day’s absence → the absence lasted ten days

  30. EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS, EXCEPTIONS… Genitive functions: THERE’S ANOTHER ONE

  31. INDEPENDENT GENITIVE

  32. INDEPENDENT GENITIVE

  33. CASE:practice

  34. determiner gen. / possessive gen. determiner gen. / possessive gen. determiner gen. / subjective or objective gen. determiner gen. / gen. of attribute modifier gen. / descriptive gen. determiner gen. / possessive gen. modifier gen. / descriptive gen. determiner gen. / possessive gen. modifier gen. / gen. of measure 1: determiner gen./gen. of origin 2: modifier gen./descriptive gen. 1: determiner gen. / possessive gen. 2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen. determiner gen. / objective gen. modifier gen. / gen. of measure 1: determiner gen. / partitive gen. 2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen. determiner gen. / objective gen. modifier gen. / descriptive gen. 1: determiner gen. / possessive gen. 2: modifier gen. / descriptive gen.

  35. zavaravati se lavovski (najveći) deo i dobro i loše usta razdeljka centar mete / u sred srede

  36. my sisters-in-law’s house (possessive gen.) a women’s club (descriptive gen.) a stewardess’s job (descriptive gen.) a girls’ school (descriptive gen.) Doris’s hat (possessive gen.) a three hours’ delay (gen. of measure) the tree’s shade (possessive gen.) / the shade of the tree the earth’s surface (partitive gen.) / the surface of the earth Keats’ (or Keats’s) poetry (gen. of origin) the world’s problems (possessive gen.) / the problems of the world The name of the woman wearing the silly hat Europe’s art treasures (possessive gen.) / art treasures of Europe Socrates’ student (descriptive gen.) one of my aunt’s many paintings (possessive gen.)

  37. the result of the baseball match John’s parents’ house the town’s only cinema the wife of the man talking to Mary last week’s storm outside of the house today’s newspapers the company’s new manager the building’s first floor / the first floor of the building Britain’s specialists Tom and Jane’s children Tom’s child and Jane’s child

  38. 12. Transform the following sentences into Noun Phrases: • The strike lasted four days. It was_________________ • The book has 200 pages. It is _________________ • Each of the tickets cost five pounds. They were _________________ • His holiday lasted two weeks. It was _________________ a four-day strike a 200-page book five-pound tickets a two-week holiday NOTICE THAT SOMETIMES YOU CAN ALSO USE THE GENITIVE CASE TO EXPRESS THE SAME MEANING: A four days’ strike A two weeks’ holiday

  39. GEJ2 GEJ1

  40. ADJECTIVES AND THE AP PRACTICE CLASS #1 2012-02-21

  41. ADJECTIVE PHRASESgeneral characteristics • FUNCTION (syntactic function – their function in the sentence) • PARADIGM – adjectives can be compared INDEPENDENT FUNCTION = PREDICATIVE FUNCTION Adjective Phrase has an INDEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE, i.e. it functions as s SENTENCE ELEMENT. Cs – subject complement: That painting is AP[very beautiful]. Co – object complement: He made his parents AP[proud]. The policeman kicked the door AP[open]. • DEPENDENT FUNCTION = ATTRIBUTIVE FUNCTION • Adjective Phrase is a PART OF ANOTHER PHRASE, i.e. a part of the NP, its function is to modify the meaning of the HEAD NOUN. • Typically, an attributive adjective follows the determiner and precedes the noun: NP[a AP[very beautiful] painting] or NP[an AP[expensive] gift] • However, in some cases the adjective follows the HEAD NOUN: • NP[somebody AP[important]] or NP[secretary AP[general]] An ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase that has an ADJECTIVE as its HEAD.

  42. FORMS OF THE ADJECTIVE PHRASE • ADJECTIVE PHRASE is a phrase which has an adjective as its head, but it need not only contain the head. • TWO TYPES of complex adjective phrases: • APs with PREMODIFICATION: AP=Adj e.g. intelligent AP=Adv+Adj e.g. very intelligent AP=Adj+Adv e.g. intelligent enough, intelligentenough • APs with COMPLEMENTATION: AP=Adj+PP e.g. intelligent beyond your expectations AP=Adj+Clnon-fine.g. intelligent enough to quit that job AP=Adj+Clfin e.g. certain that he will succeed

  43. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (a, b, c) ADV HEAD HEAD ADV Clause – non-finite [ ][ ] HEAD + Clause – non-finite = discontinuous AP

  44. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (d, e, f) NO APs IN d) !!! Yippee!!! NO APs IN e) either!!! Yippee-ki-yay!!! HEAD

  45. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (g, h, i) ADV HEAD PP ADV HEAD PP HEAD PP

  46. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (j) ADV HEAD Clause-NF HEAD

  47. PAGE 103 – exercise 1 (k,l,m) ADV HEAD PP PP [ ][ ] HEAD Clause – non-finite ADV HEAD Clause - finite

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