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CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1. Introduction to Healthcare Systems. Discussion. In which areas must successful healthcare students have knowledge and skills? oral and written communications employability skills and teamwork legal and ethical responsibilities safety practices teamwork

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CHAPTER 1

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  1. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Healthcare Systems

  2. Discussion In which areas must successful healthcare students have knowledge and skills? oral and written communications employability skills and teamwork legal and ethical responsibilities safety practices teamwork health maintenance practices information technology skills

  3. Health Science Careers Growth in healthcare occupations has soared in the last decade Standards provide a clear understanding of expectations for health science students Health career programs are competitive and demanding Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

  4. History of Healthcare Ancient Chinese doctors made advancements in the practice of acupuncture Chinese doctors were the first to study the pulse as a means of diagnosis Egyptians introduced the concepts of diagnosis and prognosis F.Schmidt/Shutterstock.com

  5. The Greeks The Greeks realized that some diseases were caused by poor sanitation Hippocrates, a Greek doctor, has been credited with Hippocratic Oath Another Greek doctor, Galen, was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com

  6. Thinking FurtherMyth or Fact? Hospitals are an invention of modern times. MYTH • Fact: Hospitals were created in Roman times. • Fact:The Romans used organized medical care. • Fact:The Romans also invented many surgical instruments.

  7. Native Americans Native Americans were some of the earliest practitioners of the medical arts Traditions were passed on orally from healer to healer Navajo and Cherokee tribes used herbs and natural pain relievers Mona Makela/Shutterstock.com

  8. Dark and Middle Ages Around 400 CE, progress in the study of medicine slowed dramatically The Islamic civilization rose to prominence in medical science during the Middle Ages Maimonides, a doctor in the Middle Ages, emphasized the importance of a healthy lifestyle Rob Byron/Shutterstock.com

  9. Thinking Further In the Middle Ages, a barber did more than just cut hair. What other services did a barber perform? • surgery • dentistry • bloodletting • traveled with armies • performed amputations

  10. The Renaissance The printing press made it possible to mass produce medical books Scientists began to use the scientific method The microscope was invented and improved Sashkin/Shutterstock.com

  11. The Industrial Revolution Factories allowed mass production of medical equipment The stethoscope and the practice of vaccination were invented Public health laws designed to control the spread of disease were established JPC-PROD/Shutterstock.com

  12. Critical Thinking Why was the invention of anesthesia in the nineteenth century so important to medical practice? • Anesthesia makes painless surgery possible. • With the invention of anesthesia, fewer patients died from the shock and pain of surgery.

  13. Women in Medicine • Florence Nightingale • Tended to wounded soldiers in the Crimean War • Founded the first secular nursing school, St Thomas’ Hospital in London, in 1860 • Elizabeth Blackwell • First woman to formally study and practice medicine in the United States • Clara Barton • Formed the American Red Cross, one of the largest humanitarian organizations in the world rook76/Shutterstock.com

  14. Pathogens and Sterilization Ignaz Semmelweis and Joseph Lister promoted the benefits of hand washing Louis Pasteur helped develop the study of infectious microscopic organisms Robert Koch discovered that some diseases are caused by pathogens Ralwel/Shutterstock.com

  15. The Twentieth Century and Beyond Penicillin became the first antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections The development of X-ray technology opened up new possibilities in healthcare Other important developments include the CT scan and the electrocardiogram Fernando Madeira/Shutterstock.com

  16. Discovering Radium and Insulin Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radium Therapeutic uses for radiation, including cancer treatment, were developed Insulin discovered by Frederick Banting and Charles Best Methods of harvesting (and later producing) insulin were developed Sherry Yates Young/Shutterstock.com

  17. Critical Thinking The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule that carries genetic information, took place in April 1953. How has this discovery affected medical science? • Studying DNA involves the identification of genes that trigger major diseases and influences the creation of drugs to treat these diseases. The identification and analysis of genes has greatly influenced therapeutic treatments.

  18. Medical Machines and Electronics • Machines can now serve as substitutes for certain organs • Dialysis machines • Heart-lung bypass machines • Organ transplantation continues to be increasingly successful • Robotic devices are used to assist in microsurgery and in hospital pharmacies Tyler Olson/Shutterstock.com

  19. Treating Mental Illness Psychoanalysis is a method of treating mental and emotional disorders Psychiatric medication gradually became prevalent during the twentieth century Public and private psychiatric hospitals serve the mentally ill de2marco/Shutterstock.com

  20. Thinking Further What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and what group of people often suffer from PTSD? • PTSD is a term for various psychiatric conditions formerly known as shell shock. • Many soldiers who serve in war experience PTSD.

  21. Genomic Medicine Studies a person’s DNA sequences for differences These differences may explain why one person will develop a disease and respond to a certain drug and another will not Researchers may be able to determine genes that cause certain diseases Minerva Studio/Shutterstock.com

  22. The United States’ Healthcare Industry Today Government health insurance programs and laws Private, managed care insurance plans Government agencies that provide healthcare services Volunteer health agencies lenetstan/Shutterstock.com

  23. Medicare and Medicaid • Medicare • Government-funded insurance program • People over the age of 65 are eligible • Also covers people of any age who have a disability • Medicaid • Insurance program for people with low incomes and few personal assets • Paid for by state and federal taxes wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com

  24. Worker’s Compensation Form of government insurance Provides wage replacement and medical benefits for employees injured while at work Most states require employers to have worker’s compensation insurance Andrey_Popov/Shutterstock.com

  25. Thinking Further The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was passed in 2010 with the intention of increasing the quality and affordability of health insurance. What are some ways the law accomplishes these goals? • The law requires insurance companies to cover all applicants within the new standards. • People are to be offered the same rates regardless of preexisting conditions. • The ACA allows dependents to be covered by their parents’ insurance policies until age 26.

  26. Private, Managed Care Insurance Plans Insurers have developed managed care to try to control healthcare costs HMOs provide prepaid, comprehensive healthcare at a flat rate and for a fixed period of time through a network PPOscontract with a network of preferred providers from which the patient can choose Tom Wang/Shutterstock.com

  27. Controlling Healthcare Costs Healthcare costs have risen for a variety of reasons As healthcare costs rise, so do healthcare insurance premiums Many cost-reducing efforts have already been implemented Healthcare reform calls for major changes to provide affordable insurance for more Americans Jim Vallee/Shutterstock.com

  28. Government Agencies for Healthcare Services United States Public Health Service Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) National Institutes of Health (NIH) World Health Organization (WHO) Hurst Photo/Shutterstock.com

  29. Thinking Further Volunteer agencies play a very important role in advancing good health in our communities. What are some examples of volunteer health agencies? • American Cancer Society • Muscular Dystrophy Association • National Association of Mental Health • American Red Cross

  30. Healthcare Facilities The United States has more than 6,500 hospitals Hospitals may be non-profit, for-profit, or government-owned Short-stay hospitals offer treatment for acute, or severe, medical problems The number of long-term care facilities has increased in recent years Pete Spiro/Shutterstock.com

  31. Specialty Centers Trauma centers Surgical centers Urgent-care centers Walk-in clinics Optical centers Mental health facilities Kidney dialysis centers Rehabilitation centers Rob Marmion/Shutterstock.com

  32. Doctors’ and Dentists’ Offices Doctors often have family practices that focus on providing healthcare to patients Some doctors focus on specialties, such as orthopedics or cardiology Dentists sometimes join together to form a dental clinic Some dentists specialize in treating certain age groups or dental conditions wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com

  33. Thinking FurtherMyth or Fact? Facilities that offer care for terminally ill (dying) patients are called hospicefacilities. FACT • Fact: Hospice care focuses on relieving patients’ pain and symptoms of their terminal illness without seeking to cure the illness. • Fact:Hospice care is also called palliative care.

  34. Consumer Responsibility Consumers should understand how the healthcare system can work for them Self-advocacy is an important element of being a healthcare consumer It is the patient’s responsibility to seek medical care, follow doctor’s orders, and take advantage of available resources Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

  35. Regulations for Healthcare Workers Many rules and regulations apply to healthcare workers Rules vary by state and the type of facility in which workers are employed An employee handbook will cover many rules and regulations workers must follow Zerbor/Shutterstock.com

  36. The Future of Healthcare There will likely be continuing controversy over how to control healthcare costs Research is being done to find cures and treatments for many diseases and conditions Healthcare workers will continue to provide outstanding care to those who are ill Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

  37. Critical Thinking What area of healthcare do you find interesting as a possible career choice? Why? Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com

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