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Traditional levodopa – strengths I

Traditional levodopa – strengths I. Bracco, F., Battaglia A., Chouza C. et al. The long-acting dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline in early Parkinson's disease: final results of a 5-year, double-blind, levodopa-controlled study. CNS Drugs 2004; 18 (11): 733–746.

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Traditional levodopa – strengths I

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  1. Traditional levodopa – strengths I • Bracco, F., Battaglia A., ChouzaC. et al.The long-acting dopamine receptor agonist cabergoline in early Parkinson's disease: final results of a 5-year, double-blind, levodopa-controlled study. CNS Drugs 2004; 18(11): 733–746. • Hoehn, M. M. and Yahr M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17(5): 427–442. • Hoehn, M. M. and Elton R. L. Low dosages of bromocriptine added to levodopa in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1985; 35(2): 199–206. • Hoehn, M. M. The natural history of Parkinson's disease in the pre-levodopa and post-levodopa eras. Neurol Clin 1992; 10(2): 331–339. • Holloway, R. G., Shoulson I., FahnS. et al. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: a 4-year randomized controlled trial. Arch Neurol 2004; 61(7): 1044–1053. • Oertel, W. H., Wolters E., SampaioC. et al. Pergolide versus levodopa monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease patients: The PELMOPET study. Mov Disord 2006; 21(3): 343–353.

  2. Traditional levodopa – strengths II • Olanow, C. W., Y. Agid, Y. Mizuno et al. Levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: current controversies. Mov Disord 2004a; 19(9): 997–1005. • Parkinson Study Group. Safety and efficacy of pramipexole in early Parkinson disease. A randomized dose-ranging study. JAMA 1997a; 278(2): 125–130. • Parkinson Study Group. Pramipexole vs levodopa as initial treatment for Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000; 284(15): 1931–1938. • Poewe, W. H. and G. K. Wenning. The natural history of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1996; 47(6 Suppl 3): S146–152. • Rascol, O., Brooks D. J., KorczynA. D. et al. (056 Study Group). A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(20): 1484–1491. • Weintraub, D., Siderowf A. D., PotenzaM. N. et al. Association of dopamine agonist use with impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 2006; 63(7): 969–973.

  3. Traditional levodopa – limitations of pulsatile delivery • Obeso, J. A., Rodriguez-Oroz M. C., Chana P. et al. The evolution and origin of motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2000; 55(11 Suppl 4): S13–S20. • Olanow, C. W., Obeso J. A. and Stocchi F. Continuous dopamine-receptor treatment of Parkinson's disease: scientific rationale and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5(8): 677–687. • Stacy, M., Bowron A., GuttmanM. et al.Identification of motor and nonmotor wearing-off in Parkinson's disease: comparison of a patient questionnaire versus a clinician assessment. Mov Disord 2005; 20(6): 726–733.

  4. Sub-optimal delivery with disease progression • de la Fuente-Fernandez, R., Lu J. Q., SossiV. et al. Biochemical variations in the synaptic level of dopamine precede motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: PET evidence of increased dopamine turnover. Ann Neurol 2001; 49(3): 298–303. • Henry, B., Duty S., FoxS. H. et al. Increased striatal pre-proenkephalin B expression is associated with dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2003; 183(2): 458–468. • Olanow, C. W., Obeso J. A. and Stocchi F. Continuous dopamine-receptor treatment of Parkinson's disease: scientific rationale and clinical implications. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5(8): 677–687.

  5. Optimization of levodopa delivery I • Fariello, R. G. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of cabergoline. Rationale for use in Parkinson's disease. Drugs 1998; 55 (Suppl 1): 10–16. • Grosset, K. A., Bone I. and Grosset D. G.. Suboptimal medication adherence in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005; 20(11): 1502–1507. • Koller, W. C., Hutton J. T., TolosaE. et al.Immediate-release and controlled-release carbidopa/levodopa in PD: a 5-year randomized multicenter study. Carbidopa/Levodopa Study Group. Neurology 1999; 53(5): 1012–1019. • National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2006). NICE clinical guideline: Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management in primary and secondary care. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35Last accessed March 2007.

  6. Optimization of levodopa delivery II • Nyholm, D., Lennernas H., Gomes-TrolinC. et al. Levodopa pharmacokinetics and motor performance during activities of daily living in patients with Parkinson's disease on individual drug combinations. Clin Neuropharmacol 2002; 25(2): 89–96. • Stocchi, F., Battaglia G., VaccaL. et al.Clinical models of continuous dopaminergic stimulation. Movement Disorders 2004; 19(Suppl 9): S435. • Stocchi, F., Vacca L., RuggieriS. et al.Intermittent vs continuous levodopa administration in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62(6): 905–910. • Stocchi, F. The levodopa wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7(10): 1399–1407.

  7. Stalevo and its benefits I • Brooks, D. J. and Sagar H. Entacapone is beneficial in both fluctuating and non-fluctuating patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled, double blind, six month study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74(8): 1071–1079. • Findley, L. J., Lees A., ApajasaloM. et al. Cost-effectiveness of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone (Stalevo) compared to standard care in UK Parkinson's disease patients with wearing-off. Curr Med Res Opin 2005; 21(7): 1005–1014. • Goetz, C. G., Stebbins G. T. and Blasucci L. M. Differential progression of motor impairment in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2000; 15(3): 479–484. • Gordin, A., Kaakkola S. and Teravainen H. Clinical advantages of COMT inhibition with entacapone - a review. J Neural Transm 2004; 111(10–11): 1343–1363.

  8. Stalevo and its benefits II • Larsen, J. P., Worm-Petersen J., SidenA. et al.The tolerability and efficacy of entacapone over 3 years in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10(2): 137–146. • Muller, T., Erdmann C., MuhlackS. et al. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase contributes to more stable levodopa plasma levels. Mov Disord 2006; 21(3): 332–336. • Myllyla, V., Kultalahti E. R. V., HaapaniemiH. et al. Twelve-month safety of entacapone in patients with Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8(1): 53–60. • Nissinen, H., Kuoppamaki M. and Leinonen M.. Early initiation of entacapone leads to superior 5-year efficacy compared to delayed initiation in Parkinson’s disease patients receiving traditional levodopa/DDCI therapy. Mov Disord, 2006; 12(Suppl 15): S593.

  9. Stalevo and its benefits III • Poewe, W. The role of COMT inhibition in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2004; 62(1 Suppl 1): S31–S38. • Poewe, W. H., Deuschl G., GordinA. et al. Efficacy and safety of entacapone in Parkinson's disease patients with suboptimal levodopa response: a 6-month randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study in Germany and Austria (Celomen study). Acta Neurol Scand 2002; 105(4): 245–255. • Parkinson Study Group. Entacapone improves motor fluctuations in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients. Ann Neurol 1997b; 42(5): 747–755. • Rinne, U. K., Larsen J. P., SidenA. et al.Entacapone enhances the response to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with motor fluctuations. Nomecomt Study Group. Neurology 1998; 51(5): 1309–1314.

  10. Stalevo and its benefits IV • Sawle, G. V., Burn D. J., MorrishP. K. et al. The effect of entacapone (OR-611) on brain [18F]-6-L-fluorodopa metabolism: implications for levodopa therapy of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1994; 44(7): 1292–1297. • Stocchi, F. The levodopa wearing-off phenomenon in Parkinson's disease: pharmacokinetic considerations. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 7(10): 1399–1407. • Stocchi, F., Vacca L., RuggieriS. et al.Intermittent vs continuous levodopa administration in patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Arch Neurol 2005; 62(6): 905–910. • UPDRS scale from www.mdvu.org/library/ratingscales/pdf/

  11. Benefits of earlier optimization of levodopa delivery • Fahn, S. Does levodopa slow or hasten the rate of progression of Parkinson's disease? J Neurol 2005; 252(Suppl 4): iv37–iv42. • Fahn, S., Oakes D., ShoulsonI. et al. Levodopa and the progression of Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(24): 2498–2508. • Nissinen, H., Kuoppamaki M. and Leinonen M. Early initiation of entacapone leads to superior 5-year efficacy compared to delayed initiation in Parkinson’s disease patients receiving traditional levodopa/DDCI therapy. Mov Disord 2006; 21(Suppl13): S111. • Parkinson Study Group. A controlled, randomized, delayed-start study of rasagiline in early Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 2004; 61(4): 561–566. • Schapira, A. H. and Obeso J. Timing of treatment initiation in Parkinson's disease: a need for reappraisal? Ann Neurol 2006; 59(3): 559–562.

  12. Future directions I • Hauser, R. The First-step study: a study to evaluate the effects of intitiating a fixed dose of Stalevo or levodopa/carbidopa t.i.d. in early PD patients requiring levodopa. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 2): 94. • Jenner, P., Jackson M., RoseS. et al.Coadministration of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone avoids dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated primates with full or partial nigral lesions. Mov Disord 2006; 21 (Suppl 13): S73. • Maratos, E. C., Jackson M. J., PearceR. K. et al. Antiparkinsonian activity and dyskinesia risk of ropinirole and L-DOPA combination therapy in drug naive MPTP-lesioned common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Mov Disord 2001; 16(4): 631–641.

  13. Future directions II • Olanow, C. W. The STRIDE-PD (Stalevo Reduction In Dyskinesia Evaluation) Study: A Long-term, Controlled study to evaluate the effects of initiating Stalevo or carbidopa/levodopa in early PD. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13(Suppl 2): 93. • Rascol, O., Brooks D. J., KorczynA. D. et al. A five-year study of the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with early Parkinson's disease who were treated with ropinirole or levodopa. 056 Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(20): 1484–1491. • Smith, L. A., Jackson M. J., Al-BarghouthyG. et al. Multiple small doses of levodopa plus entacapone produce continuous dopaminergic stimulation and reduce dyskinesia induction in MPTP-treated drug-naive primates. Mov Disord 2005; 20(3): 306–14. STA2637; Item date April 2007

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