EQUIPAUTO 99 15 October 1999 Will Fuel Cells Power our Future?

1. EQUIPAUTO 9915 October 1999Will Fuel Cells Power our Future?

2. William Grove

3. Interest has suddenly increased: • Heavy investment • Significant technical progress • The race has started • Systems becoming available

4. Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers • Vehicle parc 1,600m by 2030 • Increase in vehicle size and power • Increasing electricity requirements Fuel cells are uniquely able to address environmental problems

5. Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers • Kyoto agreement requires CO2 reduction • Europe will reduce car CO2 emissions • Aggressive fuel/CO2 taxes

6. Gb/yr Rest of World Middle East E-Europe/Asia W-Europe USA Year World Oil Production will decline in the next 10 - 20 years. At the same time, dependence on OPEC will significantly increase. Source: Campbell, The Coming Oil Crisis, 1998

7. Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers • Increasing human morbidity and mortality • European death toll - 80,000

8. Automotive Fuel Cell Drivers • California Zero Emission Vehicle by 2003 • Major US cities will continue to experience poor air quality Public policy will help build a market for FCVs

9. Unique Combination of Advantages: • Converts fuel energy directly into electricity • Minimum or zero NOx, SOx, HC and particulates • Increased energy efficiency/reduced CO2 emissions • Reliable and durable • H2 derived from variety of sources

10. - + - 2e hydrogen oxygen H (from fuel) (air) 2 Electrolyte - - 2e 2e + + + + + 2H 2H 2H + 1 O 2 2 heat + H O water 2 Anode Cathode

11. Fuel Cell System Components OXYGEN (AIR) FUELCELLSTACK INVERTER HEAT REFORMER DC POWEROUTPUT AC POWEROUTPUT HYDROGEN RICH GAS FUEL INPUT WATER HEATRECOVERY HEAT FOR COGENERATION FUEL PROCESSING PREHEATING

12. Status of Fuel Cell Vehicle development • All major automakers now involved • Daimler-Benz/Ballard/Ford Alliance and Chrysler Merger • GM And Toyota to co-operate • Target Launch date 2003/4 for car • Oil companies now involved