Sphere of Influence

1. Sphere of Influence • Europeans and Japan took advantage of internal Chinese conflicts and attacked • Treaties led to increasing control over Chinese economy • Sphere of Influence: area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment

3. Groups 1,2,3

4. Open Door Policy • Americans worried about Europe creating formal colonies and shutting U.S. out of China • 1899 “Open Door Policy”: China’s “doors” be open to merchants of all nations

5. Growth of Chinese Nationalism • Pressed for reforms to gain back power • Emperor Guangxu called for modernization (education system, military, government) • Most Qing officials saw this as a threat to their power • Dowager Empress puts Guangxu under arrest and reverses reforms

6. Group 4

7. Boxer Rebellion • Poor peasants and workers resent foreigners and Chinese Christians • Form secret organization called the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists

8. Group 5

9. Boxer Rebellion • 1900: attacked Beijing • “Death to the foreign devils!” • Dowager Empress expressed support but did not send troops • 19,000 troops marched on Beijing and defeated Boxers

10. Group 6

11. Reform • 1905: Dowager Empress sent Chinese officials on world tour to study governments • 1906: officials recommended restructure based on Japan’s constitutional monarchy • Created national assembly within year • Promised full constitutional monarchy by 1917