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Cold War: 1950s

Cold War: 1950s. 1952 - 1960. Middle East Situations. Israel (creation background first) Zionists want Jewish state in Palestine Uprooted Jews came here from Europe Sympathy from holocaust helped Britain pressured into ending mandate and does so on May 14, 1948

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Cold War: 1950s

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  1. Cold War: 1950s 1952 - 1960

  2. Middle East Situations • Israel (creation background first) • Zionists want Jewish state in Palestine • Uprooted Jews came here from Europe • Sympathy from holocaust helped • Britain pressured into ending mandate and does so on May 14, 1948 • Israel created with immediate US & Soviet recognition through UN

  3. Israel • Palestinian Arabs upset • Began a series of wars & skirmishes but had little success • US became “big brother” under Truman • Eisenhower more cautious and practiced “impartial friendliness”

  4. Korean War • Korean War • Ike frustrated with stalemate • Threatened to get personally involved • Talks held at Panmunjom • Settlement reached July 27, 1953 • DMZ created near 38th parallel

  5. John Foster Dulles • Prominent Sec. of State • Saw communism “as an infliction that sought liberation” • Threatened “massive nuclear retaliation”, “brinkmanship”, and “more bang for the $”

  6. Problems in Indochina

  7. Problems in Indochina • French wanted to regain control of Vietnam • Ho Chi Minh fought this & appealed to US • US said no, and Ho turned to Soviets • Formed Vietminh (aka N. Vietnam) • Ho’s forces surrounded Fr. at Dienbienphu

  8. Problems in Indochina • French settle with Geneva Accords • Vietnam to be divided – 17th parallel • North to be governed by Ho Chi Minh • South to hold elections • Ike committed to help South due to domino theory • Dulles worked to get Ngo Dinh Diem as temporary leader w/ military support & $$

  9. Problems in Iran (Persia) • 1951 P.M. Mossadegh nationalized British oil wells • CIA helped military coup against P.M. • Mohammed RizaPahlava (Shah) became absolute ruler • Shah invited American oil companies into Iran

  10. Egypt • Abdel Nasser worked for final ind. from GB • Dulles ?? his motives • Soviet arms for cotton • Withdrew US $$ for Aswan Dam on Nile • Nasser seized British Suez Canal

  11. Suez Canal

  12. Egypt • Israel attacked, followed by Fr. & GB • Soviets offer to help Nasser • US shocked & denounced operations • Cease fire negotiated, tensions created • Tightened reigns on Israel • Angered Fr. & GB • Soviets provided Nasser his dam $$$

  13. Latin America • Large number of Am. economic ventures • Corporations controlled many govts. • Many despotic & unpopular • Caused resentment as govt. figures got richer • Dollars didn’t trickle down • US abandoned FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy • Nixon learned of animosity first hand

  14. Cuba • 1952 Fulgencio Batista ruled • Military and American corp. took much • Popular front develops under Fidel Castro • Batista fled in 1958, Castro emerges 1959 • US supported Castro until land reform • US retaliated • Cut sugar imports • Severed diplomatic ties • Secretly started to train expatriates for invasion

  15. Soviet Union • Stalin died in 1953  months before end of Korean War • Nikita Khrushchev eventually took chargeof USSR

  16. Complacency??

  17. Soviet Union • Arms race heated up • Sputnik – 1957(accounts) - ICBMs • US nuclear subs • Americans build bomb shelters & drilled

  18. 1950s “Fallout” Shelters • School drills ; “Duck & Cover” • 14 days of supplies

  19. Interstate Highway System • Defense/Commerce • Passed in 1958

  20. “Flopnik” & “Stayputnik”

  21. Eisenhower Doctrine • Economic & military assistance to maintain “territorial independence” of Middle East • Not just anti-Soviet, opposed to pan-Arab unification • Egypt & Syria formed UAR 1958 • Lebanon, Jordan & Iraq likely to join • Beirut gov’t requested assistance • Ike sent in 5,000 Marines • Quieted things down for a short time

  22. Another Berlin Crisis?? • Soviets fear rise of W. Germany • NATO membership • Common Market membership • Khrushchev demands US ceded W. Berlin • Backs off in return for summit • Khrushchev came to USA 1959 • Plans made for Ike to go to Moscow

  23. Kitchen Debates • Nixon opened US Exhibit at Worlds Fair in Moscow • Took Khrushchev on tour of “average” American home • Khrushchev unloads on him but Nixon rebuts

  24. U-2 Incident Ends Progress • CIA operation • Scheme to prevent detection backfired • Francis Gary Powers captured • Ike caught in a lie • Relations return to “deep freeze” • Ike’s Moscow trip off

  25. Francis Gary Powers, c. 1959

  26. Ike’s Farewell • Warned of “military-industrial” complex

  27. Debate Topics • Who caused the Cold War? Was the US acting as a defensive or aggressive nation? • Was the Cold War inevitable or avoidable? • Other issues??

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