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Chapter Tree. The Origins of a Nation. Early Settlement The Iberians Three Celtic Tribes . Roman Ocupation(55B.C-410A.D The Anglo-Saxons Invasion (446—871). The Danish Invasion The Norman Conquest (1066---1381). Who was the first people lived in Britain?
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Chapter Tree The Origins of a Nation
Early Settlement • The Iberians • Three Celtic Tribes . • Roman Ocupation(55B.C-410A.D • The Anglo-Saxons Invasion (446—871). • The Danish Invasion • The Norman Conquest (1066---1381)
Who was the first people lived in Britain? • Can you say something about the three Celtic Tribes? • Say something about Roman Invasion. ( when, who, what ) • What attitudes towards Roman Occupation between lowland Britons and highland dwellers?
How many years did Roman occupation of Britain last? • Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited? • What did Roman do to keep back the Picks and Scots?
British History Early Settlers • Britain was originally a part of the European continent. Before the Ice Age cave men came to Britain. • About 6,ooo-5,000B.C melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island.
The Iberians 伊比利雅人 • At about 3000 B.C., the dark -- haired short Iberians from Mediterranean lands. Sailed up to west coast of England and around Scotland to Scandinavia. They settled down along the coast of Cornwall, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. • They lived in hills and highlands and they learned how to use flint and dig gold. They adopted the use of bronze.
Neolithic-culture was brought in . They learned how to use flint and dig gold. • Labor was simply divided and specialized. Agriculture came into being.
Three Celtic Tribes About 750 B.C. • Three Celtic Tribes From Upper Rhine Land of northwest Europe came to settle on the island. They were tall ,with red hair and blue eyes. • The first tribe came and they were the “Gaels”, whose language is still spoken in Scotland.
About 500 B.C. • The second group of the Celts called Britons came . From the Britons came the English name for Britain. About 100 B.C. • The third group , Belgae came from Gaul. • In the fighting ,the Celtic took control of many areas and mixed with the Iberians to some extent. Celts forced them to follow their tribal organization.
The Britons were quite numerous. They had a civilization of their own. • Their society practiced a kind of primitive communication.
Roman Ocupation(55B.C-410A.D) • In 55 B.C. and 54B.C. Julius Caesar, the great Roman Emperor invaded Britain for the first time. • He landed in Kent with several thousand men, and he met resistance and bad weather and decided to withdraw. He returned the following year. • The expedition had no permanent result. Except as a memory on both sides of the Channel.
The real conquest began in 43A.D. and the Roman Emperor, Claudia headed the Roman army to invade Britain. • The British chieftains were defeated and Britain became a Roman province in name. • There were different attitudes towards Romans’ occupation between the lowland Britons and the inhabitants of Wales and Scotland.
The lowland Britons soon accepted and appreciated the Roman way a life because they had an economy based on settled agriculture. • But the hillside dwellers were not willing to submit to Roman conquest because their economy was based on sheep and their freedom of life was threatened by the Roman urban civilization.
In order to keep back the picks and Scots who lived on the hillside Britain, about 122A.D., the Romans built a wall called Hadrian‘s 哈德利安wall with a length of 118 kilometers from Solway and Tyne. • The Roman occupation last for about 350 years. They brought Christianity to England . There development of the country helped this religion to spread.
The English upper classes were toughly Romanized and translated into Roman landlords and officials. • Yet, they came to govern and to trade, not to settle; and they were too few in number to change the language and customs of the people as they did in France and Spain.
Roman power in Britain collapsed in 410, leaving behind a leadless and defend less people and the Scots and Picks took the chance to invade England again.
The Anglo-Saxons Invasion (446—871) • About 449A.D. three Germanic tribes, Angles, Saxons and Jutes, invaded Britain • Angles came from southern Denmark ____and occupied the north of Humber. • Saxons came from Germany------took the southern part of Thames. • Jutes came from Jutland peninsular-----controlled Kent and south Hampshire in the southeastern corner of England.
By the 7th century, they regarded themselves as ‘the nations” and they lacked unity. • England was divided into seven small Kingdoms called “Heptarch”. 七国争雄时期 • They were Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and North Umbria.
Fighting last almost 200 years and finally in 829 the king of Wessex defeated the other kings and united England. • Egbert was regarded as the first king of England. Egbert was born in 775 and died in 839. He was the king of wessex between 802 and 839. • Egbert’s son ,who succeeded him in 839, combined the kingdoms against the Vikings.
The Anglo-Saxons brought with them their Teutonic religion: (The names Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday derive from their gods) • In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. Disagreement:
St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury In 597. • Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. • They divided the country into shires. and devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system. • They also established the manorial system.
The Danish Invasion • The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes from Denmark attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. • They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. The Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom.
By the middle of the 9th century, the Vikings and Danes were threatening to take possession of all England. • The brave Alfred, the king of Wessex ( A.D. 871—899) began to fight against them. He knew the only way to defeat the Danish invaders was to fight them at sea. • He built boats which were faster and stronger than that of the enemies thus he known as “the Father of British Navy”. He protected the coasts and encouraged trade.
Danes gained control of north and east of England, i.e. “the Danelaw”. • Alfred, king of Wessex, rule the rest . • Alfred, who is said to have taught himself Latin at the age of 40, translated into English Bede’s Ecclesiastical history of the English People. • As a learned man himself, he encouraged learning in others, established schools and formulated a legal system. • His writings and translations have been called the beginning of prose literature in England. What he did makes him worthy of his title “Alfred the Great”.
At the end of the 10th century, a weak king of England Called Ethelred艾塞尔雷德came to power. • The Danes saw their chance and came to invade England. Ethelred carried out a policy of buying off the Danes instead of fighting them. • He gave them money, ‘Dane geld’, to make them go away. The Danes went away but in a short time they came again and asked more money.
He became known in English history as Ethelred the Unready, and the word referred not to his unprepared ness but to his failure to follow good advice. • After Sweyen died, Ethelred came back. After his death in 1016, his son Edmund fought against the Danes. But he made an agreement with Canute, the son of Sweyen.
After the treaty Edmund died with mysterious. Canute became the king of England between 1016 and 1035. • Canute died in 1035 and his two sons, Harod and Hardecanute, reigned successively. • After the death of Hardecanute there was no capable man of the Danish line to claim the throne. • An Englishman Edward, the son of Ethelred was put upon the throne in 1042.
The Norman Conquest (1066---1381) Norman House: WilliamⅠ • Normandy was the most highly organized state in Europe at that time. • The Dukes were loyal to their king; the lords were loyal to the Duke. The most important class was the knights. They were landlords who were also experienced professional solders.
King Edward (1042---1066) , the son of Ethelred was put upon the throne in 1402. • He seemed more concerned with the building of Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state. So people called him “Edward the Confessor”. • Edward was the last but one of the Anglo-Saxon king. He ruled over England for twenty-four years and died on 5 January 1066.
On the death-bed, he chose Harold, Earl of Wessex, his wife’s brother, to be the king. • Harold had no blood relationship with the king, he had proved himself to be a great warrior and was accepted as king by council. • Yet there were four men laid claim to the English throne, the king of Norway, William, the Duke of Normandy, and two brothers of Edward’s Queen.
When William heard the news of Harold’s coronation, he got very angry. • Harold rushed south again and he met William and took the position on a small hill Senlac , nine miles from Hastings. Here fought the battle that changed the whole course of English history. (outnumbered) • The battle went on all day and ended only at dusk. Harold was killed and his army was defeated.
On Christmas day 1066 Duke William was crowned in Westminster Abbey. A new House of Norman began to rule England and William became William the Conqueror. • William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. • He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.
Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. • Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were introduced. • The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.
In 1086 he sent out his official to make a detailed record of all the wealth of England. Their work, the Doomsday Book, provides a complete description of the country It records all land and property, every mill and cottage, every cow and pig. • The Norman Conquest was one of the most decisive events in English history, which caused a fundamental change in the way of life of English people. • It tied England’s civilization closely to that of continental Europe.
