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Chapter 7 Neutralization Titration (10-12)

Chapter 7 Neutralization Titration (10-12). 滴定分析法概述. 知识点:基准物质所具备的基本性质; 标定酸、碱、 EDTA 、氧化剂、还原剂、 AgNO 3 的常用基准物质;标准溶液的配制:标定法,直接法. 物质的量 n A 或 n (A) mol, mmol,. 摩尔质量 M A 或 M(A) g . mol -1. 物质的量浓度 c A 或 c (A) mol . L -1 , mol/L. 滴定分析对化学反应的要求及滴定的方式与分类. 1 、要求. 2 、方式.

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Chapter 7 Neutralization Titration (10-12)

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  1. Chapter 7 Neutralization Titration (10-12)

  2. 滴定分析法概述 知识点:基准物质所具备的基本性质; 标定酸、碱、EDTA、氧化剂、还原剂、AgNO3 的常用基准物质;标准溶液的配制:标定法,直接法 物质的量 nA 或 n(A) mol, mmol, 摩尔质量 MA或 M(A) g . mol-1 物质的量浓度 cA或 c(A) mol . L-1,mol/L College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  3. 滴定分析对化学反应的要求及滴定的方式与分类滴定分析对化学反应的要求及滴定的方式与分类 1、要求 2、方式 3、分类 • 反应类型 • 酸碱滴定 • 络合滴定 • 氧化还原滴定 • 沉淀滴定 • 终点确定方法 • 目测滴定法 • 电位滴定法 • 光度滴定法 • 直接滴定 • 返滴定 • 间接滴定 • 置换滴定 • 确定的化学计量关系 • 反应能定量完成(> 99.9%) • 反应迅速 • 有合适的指示终点的方法剂 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  4. Zn2+ Zn—EDTA 2、方式 NaOH 滴定 HCl (1)直接滴定法 例 Zn 标定 EDTA (2)返滴定法 例 络合滴定法测定Al (3)间接滴定法 KMnO4 法测定 Ca 例: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  5. 无确定的计量关系  (4)置换滴定法 K2Cr2O7标定 Na2S2O3 例: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  6. 3、分类 酸碱滴定 目测终点 络合滴定 氧化还原滴定 沉淀滴定 电位滴定 光度滴定 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  7. Theory of neutralization titrations (10) • 10A Solutions and indicators for acid/base titrations • 10A-1 Standard solutions • The standard reagents used in acid/base titrations are always strong acids or strong bases, most commonly HCl, HClO4, H2SO4, NaOH, and KOH. Weak acids and bases are never used as standard reagents because they react incompletely with analytes. • The standard solution employed in neutralization titrations are strong acids or strong bases because these substances react more completely with an analyte than do their weaker counterparts and thus yield sharper end points. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  8. 10A-2 Acid/base indicators • 酸碱滴定至计量点时,本身不发生任何外观的变化,需借助酸碱指示剂的颜色变化来指示计量点。 • An acid/base indicator is a weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid form. • 酸碱指示剂一般是弱的有机酸或有机碱,其中酸式及其共轭碱式具有不同的颜色,当滴定至等当点时,过量的酸或碱使指示剂得到或失去质子,由碱式变为酸式,引起颜色的变化。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  9. HO OH O - O - OH C + C H OH p K = 9.1 a - COO - COO 酸碱指示剂一般是有机弱酸或有机弱碱,其共轭酸碱形式具有明显不同的颜色。 甲基橙 Methyl orange 酚酞 Phenolphthalein College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  10. Methyl orange:MO • 变色范围是3.1-4.4,pH<3.1时显红色,pH>4.4主要显黄色。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  11. Phenolphthalein :PP • 无色(内酯式) 无色 无色 红色 (醌式) College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  12. 可见共轭体系较大时,指示剂有颜色,酚酞Phenolphthalein的变色范围是8.0-9.6, pH<8.0时,为无色,pH>9.6时,为红色,碱性过强转为无色的羧酸盐式: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  13. Indicator range • 指示剂的酸式和碱式,有如下平衡 • [In-]/[HIn]是[H+]和Ka的函数, • [In-]/[HIn]10时, 看到的是In-颜色, • [In-]/[HIn]0.1时,看到的是HIn颜色, • 10>[In-]/[HIn] >0.1看到的是它们的混合色, • [In-]/[HIn]=1, 理论变色点,变色范围是: • [In-]/[HIn]10时, [H+]Ka/10, pHpKa+1 • [In-]/[HIn] 0.1时, [H+]10Ka, pHpka-1 • indicator range =pKa1: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  14. HIn In 甲基橙指示剂的变色范围示意图 理论变色范围 pKa1 指示剂变色范围 理论变色点:pKa College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  15. 当pH值由pka-1变化到pka+1为指示剂的理论变色范围。理论上讲在此范围就能明显地看到指示剂的变色范围,实际上指示剂的变色范围不是根据pka计算出来的,而是依靠人眼观察的,因为眼对各种颜色的敏感度不同。当pH值由pka-1变化到pka+1为指示剂的理论变色范围。理论上讲在此范围就能明显地看到指示剂的变色范围,实际上指示剂的变色范围不是根据pka计算出来的,而是依靠人眼观察的,因为眼对各种颜色的敏感度不同。 • 人眼判别指示剂颜色相同的溶液,pH可能含有0.2个单位的差异,这在一般酸碱滴定中无关紧要,酸碱滴定至计量点时, pH会有较大的变化,指示剂的变色范围应落在这一区域内。 • MO 红2.4-4.4 黄3.1-4.4 • PP 无色 8.1-10.1 红 8.0-9.6 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  16. 影响指示剂变色范围的各种因素 • 指示剂的用量 • 温度的影响——对Ka的影响 • 离子强度的影响——Ka与Kac的差别增大 • 溶剂的影响 用量的影响 双色指示剂 例如甲基橙 但酸碱指示剂本身具有酸碱性质,也会与滴定剂作用,用量过大会引起较大的误差,尤其是对微量滴定而言。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  17. 单色指示剂 pH C H+ 设指示剂的总浓度为 c , 碱型引起传感器(如人的眼睛)响应的最小浓度为 a ,这是一个固定的值, 那么: 例如酚酞 终点提前 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  18. 混合指示剂(mixed indicator) →一类同时使用两种指示剂,利用彼此颜色之间的互补作用,使变色更加敏锐。如溴甲酚绿和甲基红。 →另一类由指示剂与惰性染料(如亚甲基蓝,靛蓝二磺酸钠)组成的,也是利用颜色的互补作用来提高变色的敏锐度。 →非混合指示剂,终点颜色变化约有±0.3 pH的不确定度。用混合指示剂,有±0.2 pH的不确定度。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  19. 混合指示剂 作用原理 颜色互补 两种指示剂混合 分类 指示剂与染料混合 例:溴甲酚绿——甲基红 pH 0 2 4 6 8 甲基红 溴甲酚绿 溴甲酚绿—甲基红 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  20. 10B Titration curves • 指示终点的方法 • 1. changes in color due to the reagent, the analyte or indicator • 2. a changes in potential of an electrode that responds to the concentration of the reagent or the analyte College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  21. 10B-1 Types of titration curves College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  22. 10B-2 Concentration changes during titrations College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  23. 10C Titration curves for strong acids and strong bases • 常见的强酸强碱有HCl,HNO3,HClO4和NaOH,KOH等,下面讨论滴定过程中pH值的变化。由于它们在水中全部离解成H+或OH-,所以计算pH值较容易。 • Two source: • 1. The reaction of the acid with water • [H+] =[OH-]+Ca • 2. The dissociation of water • [H+]=[OH-]-Cb College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  24. 10C-1 The titration of a strong acid with a strong base 例: 用0.1000 molL-1 NaOH 滴定 20.00 mL 0.1000 molL-1 HCl。 滴定反应 设滴定至某一点,溶液中剩余的强酸浓度为 a molL-1 , 或过量的强碱浓度为 b molL-1。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  25. 碱缓冲区 +0.1% 滴定突跃 酚酞 突跃区 化学计量点 -0.1% 甲基红 甲基橙 酸缓冲区 同浓度强碱滴定强酸 C (mol.L-1) 0.0010 0.010 0.10 1.0 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  26. The Effect of Concentration • 被滴定物浓度的增大或减小影响滴定曲线的前平台,滴定剂浓度的增大或减小影响滴定曲线的后平台。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  27. 浓度大突跃大 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  28. Indicator choice • 从滴定开始到加入19.80 mL NaOH溶液,其pH值只改变2-3个单位,而从19.80 mL滴到20.02 mL,pH却变化了9.70-4.30=5.40. • 最理想的指示剂应该恰好在计量点变色,即pKa在突跃的中点,但实际上凡在pH 4.30-9.70以内变色的指示剂,都可保证测定有足够的准确度。 • 甲基红、酚酞、甲基橙。 • Fig 10-4 指示剂选择图 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  29. 10C-2 The titration of a strong base with a strong acids • Example 10-2 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  30. 10D Buffer solutions • A buffer solution is a solution of a conjugate acid/base pair that resists changes in pH. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  31. 缓冲溶液的定义与种类 H+ OH- 定义 缓冲溶液是指具有稳定某种性质的溶液体系。 pH缓冲溶液具有稳定体系酸度的特性。 1、浓度较大的弱酸或弱碱及其共轭酸碱对。 分类 2、浓度较大的强酸或强碱。 缓冲溶液的作用机制 由ca mol/L HB 和cb mol/L B- 构成的共轭酸碱平衡: 使pH稳定在一个较窄的范围。 高浓度强酸强碱则是因为本身浓度大对少量的酸或碱的加入不敏感而达到稳定pH 值的作用的。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  32. 对溶液稀释过程pH变化的控制 NaAc-HAc HCl Plots of pH vs. mL of water added to (a ) 0.500 mL of 0.100 mol·L-1 HCl and (b) 0.500 mL of a solution 0.100 mol·L-1 in both HAc and NaAc. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  33. 精确式 10D-1 Calculation of the pH of buffer solution 设Ca mol/L HB 和Cb mol/L B- 构成的缓冲溶液: 参考水准: H2O, HB 参考水准: H2O, B- PBE PBE 简化 2.pH > 8 1.pH < 6 3. 如果CHA和CA-比溶液中的[H+]和[OH-]大20倍以上: 最简式 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  34. 例题 求0.10 mol/L NH4HF2 溶液的pH。 对缓冲体系 ,若共轭酸碱对的浓度相差不大,pH  pKa,可由此估计[H+]和[OH-],并依此判断该用近似式、最简式或精确式。 解:首先进行体系分析, 0.10 mol/L NH4HF2 0.10 mol/L NH4F+ 0.10 mol/L HF 体系中的酸 NH4+,HF; 构成缓冲体系 体系中的碱:F- 什么情况下可用最简式? College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  35. 标准缓冲溶液pH值计算 • 标准缓冲溶液是用来作为标准对某些仪器进行校正,它的pH值是由非常精密的实验结果确定的。如果要以理论计算加以核对,必须校正离子强度。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  36. 10D-2 Properties of buffer solution • 1、The effect of dilution • 2、The effect of added acids and bases • Example 10-5 • 计算pH College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  37. 3. buffer capacity • (1) The definition of buffer capacity Buffer capacity is defined as the number of moles of strong acid or base required to change the pH of 1 L of buffer solution by one pH unit. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  38. 缓冲容量、缓冲指数与有效缓冲范围buffer capacity buffer index buffer intensity buffer value 缓冲容量是指缓冲溶液抵御pH值变化的能力。 式中a与b分别代表加入的强酸或强碱的浓度。 缓冲容量是溶液的一个状态参数,当溶液的状态发生变化时,缓冲容量也发生变化。 例如,当缓冲溶液被稀释时;往缓冲溶液中加入酸或碱时。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  39. 缓冲指数 • 物理意义:使1升溶液pH值增加dpH单位时,所需的强碱为db。如使pH降低dpH单位时,所需强酸为da。上式中的负号表示pH值的降低。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  40. 影响缓冲容量的因素讨论: 设一缓冲体系(HA—NaA)由cHAmol/L HA 和 cA mol/L 的NaA构成,总浓度c= cHA + cA。若以HA和H2O为参考水准: PBE: 若在该体系加入强碱,并使强碱的浓度为b, PBE: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  41. c·Ka[H+] βHA/A=2.303 —————— ([H+]+Ka)2 =2.303 c·δHA·δA- 求导并令导数等于0 dβ (Ka-[H+]) ——— =2.303c·Ka·————— =0 d[H+] (Ka+[H+])3 求得:βmax=2.303c·Ka2/(2Ka)2 =2.303 ·(c/4)=0.575c College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  42.   即:由于δHA=δA-,Ka=[H+]处β有极值, βmax=0.575c   由上可见: 1.当组成一定,c越大,β越大 2.当总浓度一定,组成比值越接近1:1,β 值越大;当组成为 1:1,β有极值 3.由βHA/A的计算式证明,当ca:cb=1:10 或 10:1时,β为最大值的1/3 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  43. 缓冲指数分布图 缓冲指数 pKa = 9.18 pKa = 4.76 pKa =3.17 pKa = 9.24 pKa2 = 7.21 1)HF-F-,pKa = 3.17 2)HAc-Ac-, pKa = 4.76 C = 1.0 mol/L C = 0.5 mol/L C = 0.2 mol/L 3)H2PO4-—HPO42-, pKa2 = 7.21 4)Na2B4O7, pKa = 9.18 5)NH3-NH4+, pKa = 9.24 6)强酸区 7)强碱区 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  44. 缓冲溶液的计算 欲将pH值控制在某个范围内(△pH),缓冲溶液所能容纳外加的强酸或强碱的浓度(△a或△b)的计算: △b﹥0为加入强碱, △b﹤0为加入强酸 例 1 50 mL由0.10 molL-1 NH3和0.10 molL-1 NH4Cl按体积比3:1的比例配成的缓冲溶液,当其pH由9.73改变到8.73时能容纳多少盐酸?(pKa = 9.25) College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  45. 题解 解: College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  46. 由0.10 molL-1 NH3和0.10molL-1 NH4Cl按体积比3:1的比例配成的缓冲溶液,其缓冲指数为多少? (pKa = 9.25) 例2 解:  = 0.043 molL-1 pH-1 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  47. 4、重要的缓冲溶液 • (1)标准缓冲溶液 0.034 molL 饱和酒石酸氢钾 KHTar(3.56); 0.05 molL-1邻苯二甲酸氢钾(4.01);0.025 molL-1 K2HPO4+0.025 molL-1 Na2HPO4(6.88); 0.01 molL-1硼砂(9.18)。 • 应用pH值相近的标准缓冲溶液校正。 • (2)普通缓冲溶液 HAc-NaAc, NH3-NH4Cl • 5、缓冲溶液选择原则 • (1)缓冲溶液对分析过程没有干扰。 • (2)所控制的pH值在缓冲溶液的缓冲范围之内。 • (3)缓冲溶液有足够的缓冲容量。 College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  48. Preparation of buffers • A buffer solution of any desired pH can be prepared by combing calculated quantities of a suitable conjugate acid/base pair. • Prepared buffers by making up a solution of approximately the desired pH and than adjust by adding acid or conjugate base until the required pH is indicated by a pH meter. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  49.    常用缓冲溶液 氨基乙酸-HCl +NH3CH2COOH +NH3CH2COO- 2.35(pKa1) 一氯乙酸-NaOH CHClCOOH CHClCOO- 2.86 甲酸-NaOH HCOOH HCOO- 3.76 HAc-NaAc HAc Ac- 4.74 六亚甲基四胺-HCl (CH2) 6N4H+ (CH2)6N4 5.15 NaH2PO4-Na2HPO4 H2PO4- HPO42- 7.20(pKa2) Na2B4O7-HCl H3BO3 H2BO3- 9.24(pKa1) Na2B4O7-NaOH H3BO3 H2BO3- 9.24(pKa1) NH3-NH4Cl NH4 + NH3 9.26 氨基乙酸-NaOH +NH3CH2COO- NH2CH2COO- 9.60(pKa2) NaHCO3-Na2CO3 HCO3- CO3 10.25(pKa2) College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

  50. 10E Titration curves for weak acids • 1、At the beginning, the solution contains only the solute acid or base, and the pH is calculated from the concentration of that solute and its dissociation constant. • 2、After various increments of titrant have been added, the solution consists of a series buffers. The pH each buffer can be calculated from the analytical concentration of the conjugate base or acid and the residual concentration of the weak acid or base. College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering

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