UNIT 7: MILITARY CONFLICT

1. UNIT 7: MILITARY CONFLICT LESSON 7.5: THE CIVIL WAR part 2 “The Opposing Sides”

2. The opposing sides

3. Warm up • Who do you think has the advantage in winning the Civil War? Explain your answer.

4. SETTING THE STAGE • AT THE START OF THE CIVIL WAR, THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH EACH HAD DISTINCT ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. BOTH SIDES EXPECTED TO WIN QUICKLY. INSTEAD THE CIVIL WAR BECAME A LONG, BLOODY, AND A BITTER STRUGGLE IN WHICH NEITHER SIDE WON AN EASY TRIUMPH.

5. Border States • Four states that allowed slavery but remained in the Union • Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware • Missouri, Kent., and Mary. Supported the South and almost seceded

6. Importance of Border States • Missouri could control parts of the Mississippi and major routes to the west • Kentucky controlled the Ohio River • Delaware was close to Philadelphia • Maryland most important because it was close to Richmond, railroads ran through it, and D.C. lay within it’s state borders

7. Lincoln Moves Cautiously • Did not want to upset people of border states • If he ended slavery, they would leave • If he sent troops to Kentucky, they would leave • He suspended some constitutional rights and arrested people who supported secession • Border states stayed, but many of their citizens joined Confederate Army

8. New State in the Union • Although they seceded, supporters of the Union remained in Tennessee and Virginia • Appalachian region tended to oppose secession • 48 counties in western part of Virginia seceded from the state in 1861 and organized a new state of West Virginia admitted in 1863

9. North • Larger population • More industry • More resources • Better banking system helped raise money for the war • More ships, as most of the Navy remained loyal • Larger, more efficient railroad network • Have to bring Southern states back to the Union • Would have to invade the South, large area filled with hostile people • Southern people’s tremendous support for the war (recalling the American Revolution Advantages Disadvantages

10. North’s Goals • Bring South back to the Union • Ending slavery was not a main goal at first • 3 strategies to win war: - blockade Southern ports to prevent trade of supplies and cotton - gain control of Mississippi River to split Confederacy - capture Richmond, VA, the capital of the South

11. South • Strong support of the white population • Familiar with territory • Defending their homes, land, and ways of life • Military leadership was superior to the North’s • Strong tradition of military training and service • Jefferson Davis, West Point graduate and experienced soldier • Smaller population of free men for army • Very few factories to make weapons and supplies • Produced less than half the food of the North • Half the amount of railroads and fewer trains making delivering supplies difficult • Belief of states’ rights gave central government very little power Advantages Disadvantages

12. South’s Goals • Become recognized as an independent nation • Preserve their way of life, including slavery • Initial strategies: - defend homeland, holding onto as much territory until North tired of fighting - Britain and France would pressure North to end war to restore cotton trade and supply - Some leaders attacked the north, took the offensive, hoping to persuade North it could not win war

13. American vs. American • Families were often divided • Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd Lincoln, had relatives fight for South • John Crittenden had 2 sons become generals, one for each side • Many of generals knew each other from West Point

14. Who were the soldiers? • Average age was 25 • 40% were 21 or younger • Came from all regions and walks of life • More than half of all had owned or worked on a farm • At first, North didn’t allow blacks

15. The two sides prepare • By 1861, Confederacy had about 112,000 soldiers who were referred to as Rebels • The Union had about 187,000 soldiers, or Yankees • By the end of the war, about 850,000 men fought for the South and 2.1 million men for the North • Just under 200,000 black soldiers and about 10,000 Hispanic soldiers

16. THE FIRST MODERN WAR • THE CIVIL WAR WAS THE FIRST MODERN WAR • CIVIL WAR INVOLVED HUGE ARMIES OF CITIZEN VOLUNTEERS = LARGE SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT

17. MILITARY TECHNOLOGY • BY 1850’S, THE ARMIES BEGAN USING NEW CONE SHAPED BULLETTS FOR RIFLES = VERY ACCURATE FROM LONG DIST. • TROOPS BEGAN TO DEFEND THEIR POSITIONS (TRENCHES, BARRICADES) = HUGE CASUALTIES FOR ATTACKERS • EXPLODING CANISTERS /ARTILLARY • ATTRITION PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS THE WAR DRAGGED ON • NORTH AT ADVANTAGE DUE TO LARGER POPULATION

18. activity • Ken Burns series

19. reflection • In your journal, summarize what you have learned today. • What are the advantages of both the North and South in fighting the Civil War? • What are the disadvantages of the North and South in fighting the Civil War? • Summarize the strategies for victory for both the North and South. • What impact did technology and improvement in weaponry have on the Civil War?