Cell Cycle and Cancer

1. Cell Cycle and Cancer Study Guide review

2. In which person would cell division occur the fastest? A 10 year old person A 30 year old person A 50 year old person All of the above True or False: Under normal conditions, when a cell reproduces, it creates two new cells with DNA that are slightly different from the original cell. A: False

3. How do cancer cells affect organs and tissue? They alter tissue structure. They stop other cells from dividing. They kill surrounding cells. A and C.

4. Explain the process of how tissues replenish their cell through the new cell cycle. A: Cells replenish themselves through a process called the cell cycle. The cycle can be broken down into four phases: the G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size. Once the cell has grown in size, the S phase begins. In the S phase, the cell makes exact copies of its DNA. Next the G2 phase starts. Little activity occurs during this stage. Finally, the cell enters the M phase, or mitosis. During this phase, the cell’s chromosomes are divided into two exact copies. New nuclear membranes are created and the cell divides into two new cells.

5. True or False: Cells undergoing the process of Mitosis are considered to be in Interphase. A: False How does cancer affect cells in the body? A: It removes cells’ ability to regulate cell cycle.

6. Cells are organized differently into each organ of the body. Explain why organization of cells is important to the function of the cell. You may want to use an example of an organ to answer your question. A: The cells of an organ are organized into tissues. These tissues are used to perform specific functions for the organ. For example, in the skin, the epidermal tissue is composes of closely packed cells that serve as a protective barrier between external environment and the body. The dermis serves to contain connective tissue and blood vessels needed to maintain the integrity of the epidermis. The subcutaneous layer contains fat cells important in keeping us warm.

7. True or False: Cells in the same organ can be different in size and shape from each other. A: True The cell below is going through Mitosis. What will be the next step in the cell division process? Spindle fibers will disappear. The cell will divide into daughter cells. Nuclear membranes will form around the chromatids. The chromatids will separate and move down the spindle fibers.

8. The cell in a tissue has just finished growing. It has now begun the process of making copies of each of its chromosomes. Based on the information given, decide which phase of the cell cycle the cell is currently in. G1 phase S phase G2 phase M phase

9. Explain what metastases are and why it is dangerous. A: Metastases occurs when a cancerous cell breaks free from a tumor. When this happens, the cell can travel throughout the body. This is dangerous because the cell can reach other parts of the body and form new tumors, spreading the cancer.

10. What do cells use to control their process of cell division? Amino acids Nucleic acids Chromosomes Proteins How does cancer affect cells in the body? It causes them to die. It removes the cell’s ability to regulate the cell cycle. It destroys the cells’ DNA. All of the above.

11. Define cancer. A: Cancer is a group of diseases that involve the uncontrolled cell division of body cells. How does cancer begin? A: It begins with a damaged portion of the DNA in a chromosome. This damage causes a change called a mutation. Cancer begins when mutations disrupt the normal cell cycle, causing cells to divide in an uncontrolled way.

12. What is a tumor? How does it develop? A: A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that develops when cancerous cells divide and grow uncontrollably. What is the leading type of cancer in both men and women in the U.S.? A: Lung Cancer

13. Describe the three ways to treat cancer. A: Surgery-when doctors completely remove a cancerous tumor. Radiation-beams of high-energy waves that are used when surgery cannot remove the entire tumor or the tumor spread. Drugs: chemotherapy, which is a drug that is spread throughout the body and kills cancer cells or slows their growth.

14. What are some of the new ways that scientists are looking at to treat cancer? A: Discover how the cell cycle is controlled and stop blood flow to tumors. 2o. What is the number one cause of lung cancer? A: Smoking What are some ways that a person can lower their risk of getting some types of cancer? A: Eating fruits, vegetables, and grain products can help lower a person’s risk of some types of cancer. Exercising and not smoking can also reduce a person’s risk for cancer.

15. What is chemotherapy? A: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer cells. It is a drug that is spread throughout the body and kills cancer cells or slows their growth. What are stem cells? How can they be used? A: Stem cells are cells that have the potential to become any kind of cell: heart, lung, nerve, skin, and many others. It is used in bone marrow transplants and to help people with severe Parkinson’s Disease.

16. Why is asbestos dangerous? A: Asbestos can cause lung cancer when inhaled. What did Percivall Pott observe about the relationship between skin cancer and soot? A: Pott observed more skin cancers in the chimney sweeps, who were covered with soot, than in the rest of the population. What is adenocarcinoma? A: A form of lung cancer.

17. What is mitosis? A: M phase; the final phase of the cell cycle in which the sister chromatids produced in the S phase are separated and cell division occurs. Define tissue. A: A group of organized cells that share a common structure and function. Define organ. A: A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific set of functions for the organism.

18. What is the difference between a chromosome and a chromatid? A: A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus of the cell containing two chromatids. A chromatid is one double stranded DNA molecule complexed with proteins.