6.1

1. 6.1 The Scientific Revolution

2. Foundations of Modern Science • In Middle Ages: Earth was immovable object @ center of universe • Planets revolved around Earth – geocentric theory • Foundations: Aristotle, Ptolemy, Bible

3. Scientific Revolution • Scientific Revolution = new way of thinking about the world – challenged hundreds of years of thinking • Roots in Renaissance ideas/actions • Exploration opens European eyes • Advancements in navigation/technology • Questioning of acceptable thought (Luther) • Printing press spreads ideas

4. Copernicus • Geocentric theory makes sense, but does not explain movements of planets, sun, moon • Copernicus expands on ancient Greek idea the sun = center of universe • Decides planets revolve around sun = heliocentric theory

5. Copernicus • Heliocentric theory not published until final year of his life – why? • Theory would challenge Church • Scientists & mathematicians continue to explore Copernicus’ work • Kepler discovered planets move elliptically, not in circles – proves Copernicus’ theory

6. Galileo Galilei • Galileo uses telescope & shatters common accepted theory • Jupiter has 4 moons • Sun spots • Moon not smooth • Church threatened by findings • Church suggests Galileo not defend Copernicus – ignores suggestion • In 1633, under threat of torture signs confession • In 1992, Church acknowledges Galileo was correct

7. Other Scientists and Discoveries • Francis Bacon writes people should not accept ancient ideas – conduct experiments to prove things – called empiricism (experimental method) • Rene Descartes relies on math and logic • Only thing he knows for certain = he exists • “I think, therefore I am.”

8. Other Scientists and Discoveries • Newton explains gravity • Advances in technology: • Microscope • Barometer • Thermometer • Autopsies discover humans different from animals • Vaccination for small pox • Connection between volume, temperature, & pressure