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SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD

SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD. Subclass Ornithurae Infraclass Odontornithes = toothed birds (extinct) Infraclass Neornithes Superorder Paleognathae (Ratites and Tinamous) Superorder Neognathae. Avian Phylogeny based on Feduccia (1995). Superorder Paleognathae.

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SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD

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  1. SURVEY OF BIRDS OF THE WORLD • Subclass Ornithurae • Infraclass Odontornithes = toothed birds (extinct) • Infraclass Neornithes • Superorder Paleognathae (Ratites and Tinamous) • Superorder Neognathae

  2. Avian Phylogeny based on Feduccia (1995)

  3. Superorder Paleognathae • Order Struthioniformes = Ostrich, 1 spp., Africa • flightless walking birds • long heavy legs with 2 toes • over 2.2 m tall • Order Rheiformes = Rheas, 2 spp., South America • flightless walking birds • long heavy legs with 3 toes • 1.5 m tall

  4. Ostrich - 1 spp., Africa Rheas - 2 spp., S. America

  5. Superorder Paleognathae • Order Casuariiformes - Cassowaries and Emus; flightless walking birds, stout legs with 3 toes, up to 1.5 m tall, feathers with long aftershaft • Cassowaries - 3 spp., Australia and New Guinea • Emus - 2 spp., Australia

  6. Emu - 2 spp., Australia Cassowary - 3 species Australia and New Guinea

  7. Superorder Paleognathae • Order Dinornithiformes - Kiwis, 3 spp., New Zealand • flightless, chicken-sized • long bill with nostrils at tip • hair-like feathers • Order Tinamiformes - Tinamous, 47 spp., Central and South America • flying, ground birds • plump body, slender neck with small heads

  8. Brown Kiwi - New Zealand 3 species all, N.Z. Chilean Tinamou - S.Am. Tinamous - 47 spp., C. and S. America

  9. Superorder Neognathae • Order Podicipediformes - Grebes, 21 spp., world-wide • lobate toes, divers • Order Sphenisciformes - Penguins, 17 spp., S. hemisphere • web-footed marine swimmers • wings modified to form paddles • scale-like feathers • range as far north as Galapagos Islands (equator)

  10. Magellanic Penguins southern S. America

  11. Superorder Neognathae • Order Procellariiformes - Pelagic Tubenoses, 115 spp., world-wide • tubular nostrils, hooked beak, long narrow wings • Order Pelecaniformes - Pelicans and allies, 67 spp., world-wide: mostly tropical and subtropical except cormorants • totipalmate feet, long fish-eating beaks • Order Anseriformes - Waterfowl, 161 spp., world-wide • broad bills, short legs with webbed feet, swimmers

  12. Northern Fulmar Black-footed Albatross Procellariiformes - 115 species, Worldwide distribution

  13. Superorder Neognathae • Order Phoenicopteriformes - Flamingos, 5 spp., Tropics except Australia • long-legged, long-necked wading birds with webbed feet and specialized filter-feeding bill, pink coloration • Order Ciconiiformes - Herons, Storks, Ibises. 120 spp., world-wide • long-necked, long-legged waders • Order Falconiformes - Hawks and allies, 311 spp., world-wide • diurnal birds of prey, strong hooked bill, talons

  14. Chilean Flamingo - Southern S. America • Puna Flamingo • High Andes of Peru, • Chile and Argentina

  15. Superorder Neognathae • Order Galliformes - Chicken-like birds, 258 spp., world-wide • short rounded wings, heavy bodies, heavy feet for scratching, strong runners • Order Gruiformes - Cranes, Rails and allies, 213 spp., world-wide • Wide variation: some long-legged and long-necked, others smaller with shorter legs and necks, waders • Order Charadriiformes - Shorebirds, Gulls and Terns, 366 spp., world-wide • strong fliers, many long-distance migrants, toes usually webbed

  16. Superorder Neognathae • Order Gaviiformes - Loons, 5 spp., Northern N. hemisphere • webbed feet, divers, long bodies, sharp bills • Order Columbiformes - Pigeons and Doves, 313 spp., world-wide • short legs, short neck, plump bodies • Order Psittaciformes - Parrots, 358 spp., tropical and subtropical • narrow hooked beak, zygodactyl feet, large rounded head

  17. Superorder Neognathae • Order Coliiformes - Mousebirds, 6 spp., Africa • small, crested, gray or brown birds with long tails, first and fourth toes are reversible, mainly frugivorous and travel in flocks • Order Musophagiformes - Turacos, 23 spp., Africa • medium-sized arboreal birds, superficially resemble slim chicken with a long tail, mostly vegetarian diet • Order Cuculiformes - Cuckoos and allies, 143 spp., world-wide • zygodactyl feet with reversible outer toe, many are brood parasites

  18. Mousebird - Africa, 6 spp. Turaco - Africa, 23 spp.

  19. Superorder Neognathae • OrderStrigiformes - Owls, 178 spp., world-wide • nocturnal birds of prey, large eyes, powerful hooked beak and talons • Order Caprimulgiformes - Nightjars and allies, 113 spp., world-wide • cryptic plumage, wide mouths with insect-netting bristles, small legs and feet, crepuscular or nocturnal • Order Apodiformes - Hummingbirds and Swifts, 422 spp., world-wide: Hummers in C. & S. Am. • small birds with short legs and small feet, pointed wings; swifts with short, weak bills; Hummers with long, slender bills

  20. Announcements • Lab Exam 1 – next Wednesday Feb. 10 • Topography through Waterfowl (Labs 1-3) • A couple questions from the videos • Lecture Exam 1 – moved from Wed. Feb 17 to Monday Feb. 22 • Will cover material through Circulation and Respiration

  21. Superorder Neognathae • Order Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp., Tropical regions (greatest diversity in Neotropics) • short stout bill, small weak zygodactyl feet, long tails, richly colored irridescent plumage • Order Coraciiformes - Kingfishers, Motmots, Bee-eaters, Hornbills, 218 spp.,world-wide • strong prominent bills, colorful plumage, cavity-nesters, toes 3 & 4 joined at base • Order Piciformes - Woodpeckers, Toucans and allies, 410 spp., world-wide • zygodactyl feet, highly specialized bills, cavity-nesters

  22. Resplendent Quetzal Elegant Trogon Trogoniformes - Trogons, 39 spp., Tropical regions

  23. Bee-eater (Old World) Tody (West Indies) Hoopoe (Europe, Africa) Hornbill (Africa) Motmot (New World Tropics) Coraciiformes - 218 species, worldwide distribution

  24. Barbet (Tropics) Jacamar (New World Tropics) Toucan (New World Tropics) Puffbird (New World Tropics) Perching Piciformes

  25. Other Classification Schemes place: • Some classification schemes place Sandgrouse in their own Order Pteroclidiformes or with the Orders Columbiformes or Charadriiformes. • There are 16 spp. in Asia and Africa, inhabit plains and deserts. Superficially they appear pigeon-like. • The traditional classification schemes have placed flamingos in the Ciconiiformes along with the herons, storks, and ibises. • Some classification schemes split hummingbirds and swifts into separate Orders, Trochiliformes and Apodiformes, respectively.

  26. Sandgrouse - 16 spp., Asia and Africa plains and deserts

  27. Superorder Neognathae • Order Passeriformes - Songbirds (Perching birds), about 5700 spp. (> 50% of all birds), world-wide • Divided into primitive Suboscine Suborder (Tyranni) and advanced Oscine Suborder (Passeres) - Oscines with better vocalizations because of highly developed syrinx • Feet adapted for perching (3 in front, 1 in back) • Wing with 9 or 10 primaries • Unique palate and sperm structure • Very altricial hatchlings

  28. Songbird Classification • Two main divisions: • Primitive Suboscines • Advanced Oscines • Primitive Suboscine songbird group dominant in South America • Advanced Oscine songbird group outcompetes Suboscines and are dominant everywhere else

  29. Research Project • Why are Suboscines dominant in South America? • South America isolated from other continents Suggested dispersal routes of main passerine groups from Gondwana Ericson et al. 2003. J. Avian Biol. 34:3-15

  30. Research Project • Why do Oscines outcompete Suboscines? • One hypothesis = Metabolic Capacity Hypothesis = Suboscines have “restrictive tropical physiology” (Feduccia 1999) • Tested hypothesis by measuring max MR in cold • Prediction: If hypothesis valid, Oscines should have higher MR than Suboscines • Why Chile? – High proportion of Suboscines and temperate climate

  31. Oscines with significantly higher MR - Supports metabolic rate hypothesis Oscine Slope = 0.67, R2=0.762 Suboscine Slope = 0.84, R2=0.729

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