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Chapter Eleven

Learn about the functions, organization, and cells of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurons, glia, and the brain.

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Chapter Eleven

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  1. Chapter Eleven Nervous System

  2. Functions of the Nervous Systems • Sensing • Interpreting • Acting Word Parts neur/o = nerve

  3. Organization of the Nervous System The nervous system

  4. Organization of the Nervous System • Central nervous system (CNS) • Brain and spinal cord • Peripheral nervous system (PNS) • Cranial and spinal nerves Word Parts encephal/o = brain myel/o = spinal cord

  5. Peripheral Nervous System Organization • Cranial nerves and spinal nerves • Afferent/sensory • Somatic • visceral • Efferent/motor • Somatic • Autonomic • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic

  6. Be Careful! • Remember that efferent means to carry away, while afferent means to carry toward. In the nervous system, these terms are used to refer to away from and toward the brain.

  7. Cells of the Nervous System • Neurons • Dendrites • Cell body • Axon • Myelin sheath • Schwann cells • Neurilemma • Terminal fibers • Synapse • Neurotransmitters Word Parts neur/o = nerve -on = structure dendrite = dendr/o Nerve cell

  8. Did You Know? • The myelin sheath that coats the axons gives the neuron a white appearance in the PNS. Gray matter is the appearance of cell bodies without a myelin sheath – seen in the CNS.

  9. Cells of the Nervous System • Glia/neuroglia • Astrocytes • Microglia • Ependymal cells • Oligodendroglia • Schwann cells • Blood-brain barrier (BBB) Word Parts -glia = glue astr/o = star micro- = tiny olig/o = scanty dendr/o = dendrite Types of neuroglia

  10. Be Careful! • The abbreviation BBB can stand for either blood-brain barrier or bundle branch block, a cardiac condition.

  11. The Central Nervous System • Brain • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Diencephalon • Brainstem • Spinal cord Be Careful! Myel/o can mean bone marrow or spinal cord; memorization and context will be the student’s only methods to determine which is which. Word Parts encephal/o = brain cerebr/o = cerebrum cerebell/o = cerebellum cord/o, chord/o, myel/o = spinal cord Brain

  12. The Cerebrum • Cerebral hemispheres • Cerebral cortex • Sulci/gyri • Corpus callosum • Lobes • Frontal • Temporal • Parietal • Occipital • Insular • Basal ganglia Word Parts cerebr/o = cerebrum cortic/o = cortex lob/o = lobe The cerebrum

  13. Be Careful! • Basal ganglia is a misnomer because ganglia only appear in the PNS. Basal nuclei is the more technically correct name, although basal ganglia is more commonly used. Collections of cell bodies in the CNS are termed nuclei, while in the PNS, they are called ganglia.

  14. Diencephalon • Thalamus • Hypothalamus • Epithalamus • Geniculate nuclei • Metathalamus • Pulvinar • Mamillary bodies The brain

  15. Brainstem and Cerebellum • Brainstem • Midbrain • Superior and inferior colliculi • Cerebral peduncles • Pons • Pneumotaxic/apneustic center • Locus ceruleus • Superior olivary nucleus • Medulla oblongata • Cerebellum

  16. Spinal Cord • Extension • Caudaequina • Conusmedullaris • Gray and white matter • Nerve roots Word Parts cord/o, chord/o, myel/o = spinal cord rhiz/o, radicul/o = nerve root

  17. Spinal Cord

  18. Meninges • Dura mater • Cranial dura mater • Falxcerebri • Tentorium cerebella • Diaphragm sellae • Spinal dura mater Word Parts mening/o, meningi/o = meninges dur/o = dura mater crani/o = cranium spin/o = spine Meninges

  19. Meninges • Subdural space • Arachnoid membrane • Subarachnoid membrane • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Ventricles • Pia mater Word Parts sub- = under Meninges

  20. Ventricles of the Brain • Two lateral ventricles • Third ventricle • Fourth ventricle • Foramen of Monro • Aqueduct of Sylvius • Choroid plexus • Cisterns • Cistern magna Word Parts ventricul/o = ventricle magna = large

  21. Review Question • The combining form for the part of the central nervous system responsible for thinking, reasoning, and memory is: A. cerebell/o B. cerebr/o C. crani/o D. encephal/o

  22. The Peripheral Nervous System • Cranial nerves • Spinal nerves • Plexus • Afferent (sensory) andefferent (motor)nerves • Autonomic nervous system • Sympathetic nervous system • Parasympathetic nervous system

  23. Cranial Nerves

  24. Cranial Nerves

  25. Cranial Nerves

  26. Be Careful! Don’t confuse the optic nerve, the second cranial nerve, with the ophthalmic nerve which is coded to the trigeminal nerve, the fifth cranial nerve.

  27. Spinal Nerves • Plexus • Ganglia • Dermatomes • Afferent nerves • Myotomes • Efferent nerves Dermatomes

  28. Be Careful! • A dermatome is the skin surface area supplied by a single afferent spinal nerve. The term dermatome can also be used to describe an instrument that cuts thin slices of skin for grafting, and signifies a mesodermal layer in early development, which becomes the dermal layers of the skin.

  29. Myotomes

  30. Nerves • Cervical • Head and neck sympathetic nerves • Median nerve • Radial nerve • Thoracic nerves • Abdominal sympathetic nerve Word Parts cervic/o = neck thorac/o = chest

  31. Nerves • Lumbar nerve • Pudendal nerve • Sacral sympathetic nerve • Femoral • Tibial nerve • Peroneal nerve Word Parts lumb/o = lower back femor/o = femur perone/o = tibia

  32. Review Question • The outer covering of the meninges is the: A. arachnoid membrane B. dura mater C. pia mater D. plexus

  33. Signs and Symptoms (R13-R56) • Aphasia • Dysphasia and dysarthria • Asthenia • Ataxia • Dysphagia • Paresthesia Be Careful! Don’t confuse dysarthria (difficulty with speech) and dysarthrosis (any disorder of a joint). Word Parts a- = no, not, without -phas/o = speech -ia = condition -sthenia = condition of strength tax/o = order, coordination dys- = diffcult, bad phag/o = eat para- = abnormal esthesi/o = feeling

  34. Signs and Symptoms • Amnesia • Athetosis • Coma • Convulsion • Fasciculation

  35. Signs and Symptoms • Spasm • Syncope • Vasovagal attack • Tremors • Vertigo

  36. Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System (Q00-Q07) • Anencephaly • Craniorachischisis • Hydrocephalus • Spina bifida Word Parts an- = no, not, without encephal/o = brain -y = noun ending crani/o = skull, cranium -schisis = split hydr/o = water -cephalus = head spin/o = spine bi- = two -fida = split Meningocele

  37. Traumatic Conditions (S06) • Concussion • Cerebral contusion • Hematoma • Epidural • Subdural Word Parts hemat/o = blood -oma = tumor, mass Subdural hematoma Epidural hematoma

  38. Be Careful! • Although the word origin of the term hematoma means a blood tumor, this is a misnomer. A hematoma is a mass of blood that has leaked out of a vessel and pooled.

  39. Review Question • Which of the following is an abnormal feeling of burning, prickling, or numbness? A. athetosis B. fasciculation C. paresthesia D. syncope

  40. Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System (G00-G09) • Encephalitis • Meningitis Word Parts encephal/o = brain -itis = inflammation mening/o = meninges

  41. Systemic Atrophies Primarily Affecting the Central Nervous System (G10-G14) • Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) • Huntington’s disease • Postpolio syndrome (PPS) Word Parts a- = no, not, without my/o = muscle troph/o = development -ic = pertaining to later/o = side -al = pertaining to sclerosis = condition of hardening post- = after poli/o = gray syn- = together -drome = run

  42. Extrapyramidal and Movement Disorders (G20-G26) • Parkinson’s disease (PD) • Tremors • Fasciculations • Gait changes • Bradykinesia • Dysphasia • Dysphagia Word Parts brady- = slow -kinesia = movement dys- = bad, difficult phas/o = speech -ia = condition phag/o = to eat, swallow -ia = condition

  43. Degeneration Disorders of the Central Nervous System (G30-G32) • Alzheimer’s disease (AD) • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) Alzheimer’s disease Affected brain, top Normal brain, bottom

  44. Demyelinating Diseases of the Central Nervous System (G35-G37) • Multiple sclerosis (MS) Be Careful! MS stands for musculoskeletal system, mitral stenosis, and multiple sclerosis.

  45. Episodic and Paroxysmal Disorders (G40-G47) • Dyssomnia • Insomnia • Hypersomnia • Epilepsy • Tonic clonic • Absence seizure • Status epilepticus • Pseudoseizures • Migraine • Narcolepsy • Cataplexy • Transient ischemic attack (TIA) Word Parts dys- = difficult somn/o = sleep -ia = condition in- = not hyper- = excessive epi- = above -lepsy = seizure pseudo- = false narc/o = sleep cata- = down

  46. Nerve, Nerve Root and Plexus Disorders (G50-G59) • Bell’s palsy • Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) • Causalgia • Meralgia paresthetica Word Parts carp/o = wrist bone -al = pertaining to syn- = together -drome = to run caus/o = burning -algia = pain mer/o = thigh par- = abnormal -esthetica = feeling, sensation Bell’s palsy Carpal tunnel syndrome

  47. Nerve, Nerve Root, and Plexus Disorders (G50-G59) • Trigeminal neuralgia • Tic douloureux Word Parts neur/o = nerve -algia = pain

  48. Polyneuropathies and Other Disorders of the PNS (G60-G64) • Guillain-Barré syndrome • Polyneuropathy Word Parts poly- = many neur/o = nerve -pathy = disease condition

  49. Myoneural Junction and Muscle (G70-G73) • Muscular dystrophy (MD) • Myasthenia gravis Word Parts muscul/o = muscle -ar = pertaining to dys- = bad, abnormal troph/o = development -y = process of my/o = muscle a- = without, no -sthenia = condition of strength gravis = severe Muscular dystrophy

  50. Review Question • What is the term that means a seizure of sleep? A. Bell’s palsy B. narcolepsy C. sciatica D. coprolalia

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