Science Starter

1. Science Starter Put the following steps of the scientific method in order (1-6): • ______ Analyze your Data • ______ Ask a Question • ______ Report your Results • ______ Research your Topic • ______ State your Hypothesis • ______ Test your Hypothesis

2. Activator: Do you know what these suffixes and prefixes mean?

3. Prefixes and suffixes to know for this unit: a- means “not.” The word atypical, for example means “not typical.” bio- means “life” or living. -ology means “the study of,” so biology means “the study of living things.” uni- means “one.” A unicycle, for example, has only one wheel. “photo-” means light “chloro-” green “multi-” means many “endo-” means to go into or enter “pro/pre” means before “ecto-” means out of, outer, or exit

4. Write in your notes: I can describe the structure and function of different types of cells. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u54bRpbSOgs Discovery Video Cells

5. What characteristics are found in living things? Are made up of cells (though some are only one cell.) Are organized into different levels: CTOS Cells form tissues Tissues form organs Organs form systems Systems form the organism 3. Use energy 4. Respond to their environment. 5. Adapt to their environment 6. Grow 7. Reproduce THINK JOT SHARE Identify some living things that are found in our school environment. Explain why they are living.

6. CELLS are the smallest unit of life on earth. (Write this on the line provided in your notes.) Most cells cannot be seen without the use of a microscope. Cells contain a number of different structures. Some of these structures are called organelles. Each structure and organelle has a specific purpose or job.

7. Nucleus- The nucleus controls or directs what the cell does and contains the main DNA (genetic information) needed for reproduction. The nucleus is like the control room of a factory; it tells everything else what to do. MOST cells on earth have a nucleus. Two types of unicellular organisms, however, so not have a nucleus…

8. Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm is the fluid in the cell that all the other structures float around in.

9. Mitochondria The mitochondria store energy for the cell to use. They are the powerhouse of the cell. They are like rechargeable batteries. Which type of animal cell do you think has the greatest number of mitochondria? Muscle cells. They require the most energy!

10. Cell membraneThe cell membrane allows certain things to go in and out of the cell. It is like a screen door in a factory; it allows some things to go in and out, but not others.

11. Ribosomes– Ribosomes manufacture proteins from base molecules known as amino acids. A type of protein.

12. Some ribosomes are free floating, but most of them are located on an organelle known as the Endoplasmic Reticulum, or ER. The ER transports cellular materials throughout the cell. It is the “highway system” of the cell.

13. Lysosome - The lysosomes secrete powerful enzymes that digest foodinto food vacuolesin the cell. Once the food has been digested, the lysosomes help the cell get rid of the waste by moving it to the cell membrane where it can be dumped.

14. What other organelles or structures are found in plants cells that we did not see in animal cells? Central

15. The cell wall is a thick layer of cellulose that surrounds the cell and gives the plant support. The large central vacuole stores water and essential minerals and helps with support by exerting outward pressure on the cell wall.

16. Plant cells are similar in most ways to animal cells, however, plants do not have to “eat” in order to grow and reproduce. Plants are able to make their own food by using sunlight to covert carbon dioxide and water into sugars (glucose) which the plant stores and uses for food. This process is known as photosynthesis. It takes place in the leaves of plants. The prefix photo- means “light.”

17. Plants are able to make their own food through photosynthesis because they contain an amazing substance known as chlorophyll. In plants, chlorophyll is stored in a special organelle known as a chloroplast.

18. Write the formula below.

19. Bacteria, the most numerous organism on the planet, do not have their genetic information contained in a nucleus. Cells that do not have a nucleus are known as prokaryoticcells. The term “prokaryotic” in Latin means “before the nut.” When scientists developed a microscope capable of looking into a cell, the nucleus looked like a little nut to them. So, since bacteria do not have a nucleus, they were called “prokaryotes.” The other type of prokaryotic cell is archaea. We’ll learn more about archaea and bacteria in the classification unit.

20. Cells that have a nucleus and contain organelles surrounded by membranes are called eukaryotic.Most living organisms are eukaryotic. Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic. Animal http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/eukaryotic_cells.html

21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zafJKbMPA8 Cell Rap Review Formative Assessments A –C

22. Formative Assessment A: Label the parts of the cell. Cytoplasm Cell Wall Vacuole Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Nucleus Mitochondria Cell Membrane Chloroplast 8 Trimpe2008 http://sciencespot.net/ 1 7 2 6 3 5 4 Image: http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/images/oxed/children/yoes/nature/plantcell.jpg

23. The answers are … Vacuole Cytoplasm 8 1 7 Chloroplast 2 Mitochondria 6 Nucleus 3 Cell Wall 5 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Cell Membrane

24. Formative Assessment B: Label the parts of the cell. Trimpe 2008 http://sciencespot.net/ • Cytoplasm • B. Cell membrane • C. Golgi Body • D. Lysosome • E. Endoplasmic Reticulum • F. Nucleus • G. Mitochondria • H. Ribosome 1 8 2 3 7 6 4 5 Image: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

25. The answers are … 1 – 2 – 3 – 4 – 5 – 6 – 7 – 8 – B. Cell membrane E. Endoplasmic Reticulum F. Nucleus H. Ribosome D. Lysosome G. Mitochondria C. Golgi Body A. Cytoplasm 1 8 2 3 7 6 4 5

26. Formative Assessment C

27. 7. Which plant cell structure enables the plant to absorb the sun’s energy and use it to make food? 8. What plant cell structures work together to provide the plant with support? 9. What is the main purpose of a plant cell’s central vacuole? 10. Which of the following identifies the necessary characteristics of “life?” a. ability to use energy, breath, move, reproduce, and grow/develop b. ability to get food and pass waste, think, breath, move from one place to another, and reproduce c. ability to reproduce, grow and develop, respond to the environment, get food and pass waste, use energy

28. What is the function of the structure • identified by #’s 8 and 9? • Control all functions of the cell • Produce energy for the cell • Store water for the cell • Make proteins for the cell • 12. What is the function of the structure • identified by #11? • Produce energy for the cell • Store the genetic information for the cell • Regulate what enters and leaves the cell • All of the above

29. 13. Which of these levels of organization are in the correct order? a. tissuescellsorganssystemorganism b. celltissueorganssystemorganism c. Organismsystemorgantissue—cell d. None of these are in the correct order 14. What level of organization is demonstrated by this cluster of skin cells? a. cell b. tissue c. organ d. system

30. 15. What type of cell is pictured in this image?

31. 16. Which cell structure produces energy for both plant and • animal cells and stores energy like small rechargeable • batteries? • 17. Which cell structure regulates what enters and leaves a • cell? • 18. Where is the genetic information for a cell stored? • 19. _____________________ are cell structures that aid in • the digestion of food and disposal of waste? • 20. The ________________________ is the cell structure • that directs all the functions of the cell.

32. 21. Miranda is observing a cell with her microscope. She notices the cell appears to have a thick cell wall and a large number of green, tic-tac (rod) shaped structures. What type of cell is Miranda most likely observing? 22. What are plant cells able to do that animal cells are not? 23. What is the function of a cell’s ribosomes? 24. In multicellular organisms, specialized cells that are similar in structure and function are usually joined together to form_________________________. 25. Which level of organization below is the most basic or primary level of organization? a. atom b. molecule c. cell d. tissue

33. 26. Which structure in a plant cell gives the plant its green color? 27. Where would a person most likely find the cell seen on the left? a. a leaf b. tree bark c. a plant’s roots d. a flower

34. 28. Alex is examining a cell using a powerful electron microscope. • The cell does not appear to have a nucleus. This cell is most • likely a type of ______________________________________. • 29. The prefixes pre- and pro- mean __________________. • 30. The prefix a- means _________________________________. • 31. The prefix uni- means ______________________. • 32. The prefix multi­- means ___________________. • 33. The prefix/suffix photo- means ____________________.

35. 34. What cellular process is demonstrated in this formula?