Presentation Transcript

1. Lecture 28: Byzantium and Western Monasticism

   11 December 2013 Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
2. Outline History of Fifth Century and Barbarian Invasions Justinian the Great The Conversion of the Franks Roman Monasticism and Benedict Irish Monasticism Meeting of Irish and Roman Monasticism Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
3. Roman-Barbarian Relationships Because it is over-extended, Roman military tries to enlist barbarian tribes into defense of frontier along Danube, Rhine, and in England Barbarians get trade Romans get security Two problems with arrangement Barbarians come ‘peacefully’ into Roman territory during times of famine or when pushed by other tribes (e.g. Huns) Romans increasingly think of tribes as auxiliary troops and try to move them around Empire, especially to fight Persians in 4th C Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
4. Battle of Adrianople Recall Battle of Adrianople 378, Eastern Roman Emperor Valens locked in battle with Persians, tries to commandeer Gothic border troops to move to Persia Huns are pushing Goths out of their territory along Danube Goths enter Macedonia, in force Valens brings his army from Persia to push Goths back across Danube Goths destroy roman Army and kill Emperor Valens; sets stage for Theodosius the Great to take over Also sets stage for sack of Rome in 410 Confidence of Roman military shattered Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
5. Key Historical Events 5th Century Increasingly West was under pressure from northern tribes (Goths, Visigoths, Vandals) who in turn under pressure from Huns Some of those Goths led by Alaric sacked Rome in 410 Sack of Rome caused Christian theologians to rethink the initial triumphal historical view of Constantine: Augustine The City of God Augustine dies in 430 as Hippo is besieged by Vandals Only center of power in Empire is Constantinople Attila the Hun reaches Rome in 452, persuaded by Pope St. Leo the Great not to sack Rome Last Roman emperor in West abdicated in 476 Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
6. 5th Century Invasions http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/imgs/map24.html Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
7. Justinian manages to reconquor most of Western Mediterranean from Vandals, Visigoths and Ostrogoths Reworked Roman Law; basis for law in East until Fall of Constantinople, 1453 Rebuilt Ravenna as capital of Western Empire Boethius (480-524) Consolation of Philosophy Justinian considered a saint in East His wife, Theodora, is another story; tried to move Empire to support monophysites Proculus’ secret History http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/arth212/san_vitale.html Eastern Reaction to Barbarian Invasions: Justinian the Great (482-565) Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
8. The ‘Mother Church’ of Orthodox Christians Original built by Constantine Rebuilt by Justinian after an earthquake in 537 Conquered by Turks in 1453, converted to a mosque; mosaics covered over Changed to a museum by Ataturk in 1935, mosaics start to be uncovered Importance of Hagia Sophia Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
9. Statement by Ecumenical Patriarchate in Anticipation of Pope’s Visit 2007 Pope to visit Ecumenical Patriarch and go to Hagia Sophia on Feast of St. Andrew (Nov 30) ; statement on ecumenical patriarchate website (bold on website, not my emphasis): “In August 2004 Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, now Pope Benedict XVI, made clear that he regards Turkey as part of the Islamic world, not merely geographically in another continent but intellectually and spiritually a world apart from Europe. He would prefer that Turkey ally itself with nations which share its traditions and past. This would not deny it an opportunity to associate with the European Union in a limited ancillary capacity RETURN OF HAGIA SOPHIA TO THE POSSESSION AND CONTROL OF THE ECUMENICAL PATRIARCH AS MOTHER CHURCH OF CHRISTENDOM - A CONDITION PRECEDENT TO FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF TURKEY'S APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION” Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
10. Development of Catholic Christianity among Franks Franks one of Germanic tribes invading Gaul Key moment: conversion of Clovis to Catholic Christianity rather than Arianism in 496 Married a Catholic Christian who convinced him to convert Entire tribe and army converted with him Baptized in Rheims Started Merovingian dynasty in France Ended when Pope Stephen II made Pepin the Short king of Franks in 751 (beginning of Carolingians) Protect Europe from Arab invasions Protect papacy from Lombards Notion of France as eldest daughter of church in Europe Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
11. http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/imgs/map24.html http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/imgs/map24.html Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
12. Eastern Monasticism: Early 4th C Desert Monks (from Greek for solitary), primarily in Egypt: anchorites withdrawn from society Most famous: Anthony (251-356), Athanasius (Bishop of Alexandria, opposed Arius) wrote a very influential life of Anthony, example: Augustine Confessions Book VIII Communal monasticism: cenobitic Many attracted to this way of life, come together in groups Rule of St. Pachomius (286 – 346) Pachomius’ sister, Mary, establishes an Egyptian monastery for women Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
13. Early 5th C Western Monastic Developments: John Cassian (360-435) Born in France, spent time as an anchorite in Egypt Brought Pachomius’ Rule back with him Made it available in West in his Divine Institutes and Conferences Wrote against Augustine in the Pelagiancontroversy Considered a semi-Pelagian Revered as a saint in the East, but not the West Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
14. What’s a Rule Prescribes the way of life for the community Includes what prayers are said when Defines balance between work, study, prayer Community organization (abbot, monks, novices) and how leaders are selected Process for acceptance into community How new communities are created Relation between community and diocese Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
15. St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547) Predominately influenced by Pachomius via John Cassian Lived during the attempted reconquest of Western Roman Empire by Justinian the Great Established an order of Monks, now known as Benedictines, governed by his Rule Founded a monastery outside of Rome, Monte Casino Sister, Scholastica, founded an order of nuns to follow the Rule Most popular religious order in West until 13th C (Dominicans and Franciscans) Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
16. Benedict’s Rule God brings good works to perfection, not our efforts Focus on Scripture, especially Psalms A school for the Lord’s service Jacob’s ladder and steps of humility leading to perfect love of God Rules for abbot; how abbot is chosen Other positions in monastery Cycle of work and prayer Discipline Reception of guests Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
17. Roman-English Frontier and Early English Christianity Julius Caesar first to send expedition to England in 55 BC Roman influence in southern Britain, not in Scotland; Hadrian’s Wall built 122 AD Recall that Constantine the Great was born in England Roman troops brought Christianity with them in 4th C Native English (Picts, Angles, Scots) population never converted After Fall of Rome in 410, Roman troops leave England Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
18. Development of Early Irish Christianity Recall that Pelagius was from England In fact, most of English hierarchy supported Pelagius Pope Celestine (same pope who sided with Cyril over Nestorius) in 430 sent a new bishop to England and one to Ireland, Palladius Palladius is from Gaul Charged with destroying Pelagianism in England and proselytizing Ireland Palladius’ mission was not successful Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
19. St. Patrick (387-493) Born on Roman-Scottish frontier to prominent Gallic ‘French’ Roman family Captured by Irish marauders in 406; spends 6 years as a slave in Ireland During this time he has a conversion experience Escapes and returns to family in England Goes to Gaul for training in priesthood Returns to England as part of group headed by St. Germain sent by Pope Celestine after Palladius Patrick begs to be sent as a missionary to Ireland in 433 Has difficulty with Pelagian bishops in England Established many Christian communities in Ireland, monasteries and convents St. Brigit Latin as school language in Ireland Wrote numerous prayers, letters, Confession Died 493 Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
20. Patrick’s Confessions Story of sin, capture, conversion, return Studies for priesthood in France, not England Importance of Scripture; told in Scripture Suspicious of rhetoric Role of dreams At odds with English clergy Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
21. Irish Christianity Bishops in Ireland and England did not become civil administrators after Romans Never were Roman administrators in Ireland Native pagan tribes took over in England; Romans in England were occupiers, not colonizers English (Pelagian) Christianity seems to have disappeared with Roman authorities during the 5th C Ireland not affected by barbarian invasions until Vikings in 800 Irish communities developed around monasteries with bishop/abbot as leader Developed Christian customs for 150 years nearly completely isolated from Rome Different calculation for Easter Discipline (penance, private confession) Organization: abbots rather than bishops Strong missionary spirit, founded most important Irish monastery at Iona in Scotland led by St. Columba in 563 Monks from Iona evangelize Europe from 7th through the 8th C In later 6th and early 7th C: St. Columbanus heads a mission to Italy??!! Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
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23. Pope St. Gregory Great (546-604) Established a monastery in Rome that followed Benedict’s Rule Wrote a life of Benedict; only source of information on Benedict and Scholastica (according to Gregory both smarter and greater in love than her brother) Reformed Roman clergy around monastic model Earliest extant life of Gregory written by a nun in Whitby, 8th C Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
24. Late 6th and 7th Century Parallel Missionary Activities in Western Europe Parallel, independent missionary activities from Rome going Northwest and Ireland (Iona) going Southeast Irish monks in 6th and 7th Century go to France, Germany, Holland to preach Christianity; follow Rhine to Southern Germany then across Alps into northern Italy St. Columban(us) travels extensively through Europe establishing Irish style monasteries, including one in Bobbio, Northern Italy (d. 615) His biography is written by a monk in Irish monastery in northern Italy Meanwhile, missionaries from Rome are also trying to convert Arian and Pagan Germanic tribes in what is now France Conversion of Chlodwech (Clovis) 496 Pope St. Gregory the Great sends Augustine to England 597 Pope Honorius I (625), a Benedictine, grants Monastery at Bobbio exemption from oversight by local bishop Irish refer to Pope as the Abbot of Rome Differences between Irish and Roman Churches resolved at Synod of Whitby, 664, in favor or Roman customs Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
25. Northern Christian Scholarship and Missionary Activities Bede the Venerable, 672-735 Orphan, raised in monastery in England Wrote History of English People Great influence on scholarship and school curriculum in Europe in Middle Ages Boniface, aka Winifred, 672-755 Also born in England; influenced by Irish monasticism Goes to Rome in 717 to get approval of Pope Gregory II; gets mission to preach north of Rhine May have crowned Pepin the Short, Charlemagne’s father Martyred in northern Holland, 755 Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
26. European Debt Owed to Monasteries Both Irish and Western Mediterranean monasteries preserved literacy for Europe Copying Scripture key work of monks Preserving works of Fathers important tasks Preserving Latin and Greek philosophy Replaced schools as places of learning Missionary zeal flowed out from monasteries ‘Democratic’ institutions Preserved and developed art Oasis from turmoil of political and social disruption (dark ages) associated with fall of Roman Empire in West During this lecture, a new force in the world: Islam; map of Mediterranean basin 800… Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
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28. Timeline Lecture 24: Western Monasticism
29. Assignments Read St. Patrick, Confessions St. Benedict, Rule St. Columbanus, Boat Song De Vogue “Eucharist and the Monastic Life” CCC 1174-1178 Lecture 24: Western Monasticism