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7 Yojana and 7 yugas

7 Yojana and 7 yugas. स प्त युञ्जन्ति रथमेकचक्रमेको अश्वो वहति सप्तनामा ( ऋक् , १ / १६४ / २ ) – अस्यवामीयसूक्त युजिर् योगे , Yujir verb= to add, This forms yuga and yojana -both unite in 7 ways. $. Two Yojanas by Bh āskarāchārya -II for 2 purposes-

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7 Yojana and 7 yugas

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  1. 7 Yojanaand 7 yugas सप्तयुञ्जन्तिरथमेकचक्रमेकोअश्वोवहतिसप्तनामा (ऋक्, १/१६४/२) –अस्यवामीयसूक्त युजिर्योगे, Yujir verb= to add, This forms yuga and yojana-both unite in 7 ways.$ Two Yojanas by Bhāskarāchārya-II for 2 purposes- Astronomy- Siddhānta-śiromaņi-earth is standard- Equator = 5000 yojanas, 1 yojana = 8 Kms. Human use-Līlāvatī-Angula (finger width) is standard. 1 Yojana = 32,000 hands = 16 Kms. शतयोजनेहवाएष (आदित्य) इतस्तपति (कौषीतकिब्राह्मणउपनिषद्८/३) Sun is at 100 Yojanas. Here, yojana is diameter of sun. It is at 108(about 100) yojanas. Jain astronomy-1 Pramāņa yojana= 500 Ātmāyojana=1000 Utsedhayojanas Gaja means elephant and measuring rod both, It indicates number 8. Modern Physics-(1) Definitions of Meter- (a) 10 part of distance between equator and north pole along Paris. (b) Distance between 2 marks on a rod at zero degree at Paris. ( c) 16,50,763,73 times wave-length of a radiation of Krypton86. (d) linked with second by speed of light-Light travels 2,99,792.458 Kms in 1 second. (2) Foot = length of Human foot = 30.48 Cms. (3) Nautical Mile-1 minute arc on equator = 6076.115 feet or 1852 meter. Astronomical measures-(1) Astronomical unit (AU)-Semi major axis of earth orbit =distance of sun =1.496 x 10 Meters. (2) Persec (Pc)-This is distance at which 1 AU makes angle of 1 second 1 Persec = 3.0856 x 10 Meters = 3.26 Light years Kilo-persec (Kpc) = 1000 Pc, Mega-persec (Mpc) = 10 Pc. (3) Light year is distance travelled by light in 1 tropical year = 9.4605 x 10 Meter 7 11 16 6 15

  2. Nara yojana= Human measure Large measures-1 Angula (finger width) is standard. 12 angula = 1 Vitasti (palm spread). 2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta (hand) =45 Cm, 1 angula =1.875 Cm. 1 Daņɖa = 4 hasta. It is also called Puruşa (man)- height with hands raised=fathom of 6 feet. 4000 Daņɖa = 1 yojana = 32000 hands =16 kms. Small measures-Bŗhat-samhitā (58/1-2) of Varāhamihira 8 Paramāņu (atom) = 1 Raja or dust particle (Ratha-reņu as per Mānasāra) 8 Raja =1 Vālāgra (hair end), 8 Vālāgra = 1 Likśā (lice) 8 Likśā = 1 Yūka, 8Yūka= 1 Yava (barley grain width) 8 Yava = 1 Angula (finger width) = 1.875 cm. 1Paramāņu Śrīpati calls it the size of dust particles seen in sun-rays. This is Trasareņu which has 60 Aņus (atom) as per Āyurveda. Thus, 1 atom = 1.2 x10-7Cm. Lalita-vistara tells Paramāņu-raja = Angula x7-10 = 0.6 x 10-7 Cm. This is actually radius of Hydrogen atom. Trasareņu of Tiloya-pannati =1 Angula x 8-9 = 1.4 x 10-8 Cm Any measure is in general called Angula. Puruşa sūkta-1tells the whole world as angula. When measure is only 1 angula, it is called Anguşţha. Bālakhilyaplanets are called of 1 Anguşţha. Here earth isPuruşaof 96 angulas.

  3. Bhū-Yojana with earth as Standard Sūrya-siddhānta (1/59)-Diameter = 1600 Yojana Pañcha-siddhāntikā (1/18) Circumference = 3200yojana Āryabhaţīya (1/10) and Lalla- Diameter = 1050 Yojanas Siddhānta-śiromaņi, Golādhyāya, Bhuvana-koşa 52- Diameter =1582 1/24 yojanas, Circumference =4967 Yojana In space, earth has been called Padma (lotus) of 1000 petals-Padma-purāņa, Sŗşţikhaņɖa (40/2-3) Or Ŗgveda(6/16/13-14). Counting atmosphere as part of earth, its 1000 part is equal to Āryabhaţayojana. Bhāgavatapurāņa, part 5 calls planetary orbit up to Neptune as Disc-shaped earth of 100 Croreyojanadiameter. Middle age astronomers have multiplied it by 360 to make It Divyayojanaas diameter of Brahmāņɖa (galaxy). Half part of that is loka (lighted) part of 50 croreyojanas, in which 7 dvīpa (continents) and samudra (ocean) are described as same names found on earth. Remaining part is Aloka (dark) region. Here, 1yojana= 1000 part of earth diameter = 12.75628 Kms.

  4. Dvīpas and Samudras of BhāgavataPurāņa Serial Radius Breadth (in 1000 yojana) Name 50 50 Jambū-dvīpa 150 100 Lavaņa (salt) samudra 350 200 Plakśa-dvīpa 550 200 Ikśu-rasa (sugar cane juice) samudra 950 400 Śālmali-dvīpa 1350 400 Madya (liquor) samudra 2150 800 Kuśa-dvīpa 2950 800 Ghŗta(butter) samudra 4550 1600 Krauñcha-dvīpa 6150 1600 Kśīra (milk) sāgara 9350 3200 Śaka-dvīpa 12,550 3200 Dadhi (curd)samudra 15,750 3200 Mānasottara-parvata 18,950 3200 Puşkara-dvīpa 25,350 6400 Madhura-jala (sweet water) samudra 41,100 15,750 Loka-varşa (bright zone) 1,25,000 83,900 Hiraņya-varşa 2,50,000 1,25,000 Aloka-varşa (dark zone) Mercury Apparent rotation of a planet around earth or its orbit forms Dvīpa Inner radius=radius of earth orbit-planet Outer radius=sum of radii Sun Earth Dvīpa

  5. Comparison of Dvīpa and Samudras with planetary orbits Serial-Planet Point Radius(1000 yojana) Radius ofDvīpaError% Name of region 1.Mercury Near 5976.0 6,150 2.1 Kśīra-sāgara 2.Mercury Far 15,701.1 15,750 0.3 Mānasottaraparvata 3. Venus Near 2851.0 2,950 3.5 Ghŗta-sāgara 4. Venus Far 18,813.0 18,950 0.7 Puşkara-Dvīpa 5. Mars Near 4,090.0 4,550 11.2 Krauñcha-Dvīpa 6.Mars Far 25,736.5 25,350 -1.5 Jala-samudra 7. Jupiter Near 43,422.8 41,100 -5.3 Jana-sthāna 8. Saturn Far 1,21,599.6 1,25,000 2.8 Hiraņya-varşa 9. Sun (mean) 10,840.4 10,950 1.0 Mean of Dadhisamudra 10. Ceres* Near 16, 312.8 15,750 -3.4 Mānasottaraparvata 11. Ceres* Far 42,683.2 41,100 -3.7 Jana-sthāna 12.Urans Far 2,29,811.0 2,50,000 8.8 Aloka-varşa Note-1.* Ceres is the main body in the asteroid belt between mars and Jupiter. Its orbit is calculated for figures of 2000 AD. 2. Jambū-Dvīpa of 50,000 yojana radius is extent of gravitational field of earth in which an object will be in orbit. Its axis in direction of earth rotation in Meru of 1,00,000 yojanas. 3. Dadhi-samdra is solid planet zone. Its mean circle is orbit of earth-largest solid planet.

  6. BhaYojana=Star measure In astronomy texts, value of yojana is determined by comparing the standard measure of earth in diameter or circumference with modern measure in Kms. Without any reason, we assume that the same measure is used for distance of sun or star planets-which look like stars. There measure needs to be found by comparing sun diameter with current measures. Sūrya-siddhānta (1/59)-Diameter of earth = 1600 Yojana It is 12,756.28 Km. (equator) in modern measure. So, this yojana =12,756.28/ 1600 =7.9727 Km. Sun diameter = 6500 Yojana (Sūrya-siddhānta 4/17) It is 13,92,000 Km. in modern measures. So, this yojana= 13,92,000/ 6500 = 214.1538 Km. Solar yojana/earth yojana =214.1538/7.9727 = 26.86 or 27 approximately. Bha means star and indicates number 27. So, measure of sun (a star) and star-like planets can be called Bha-yojana which means star-measure or 27 (Bha) yojanas. (1) Sun orbit=43,31,500 Yojana (Sūrya-siddhānta 12/86) Diameter = 1.47 x 10 Kms., Modern value = 1.50 x 10 Kms. (2) NakśatraKakśā=Sun orbit x 60 (Sūrya-siddhānta 12/80) This is obviously within solar system as size of Brahmāņɖa is much larger. This is small planets called Bālakhilyas, 60,000 in number rotating round sun. Their size in Anguşţha = 1 angula (Bhāgavatapurāņa 5/21/17) Earth can be taken as a puruşa of 96 angula = 12,756.28 Km. So, Bālakhilya size is 12,756.28/96 = 135 km. NASA estimate of 2005 is that there are 70,000 Plutonic bodies of more than 100 Km Diameter at 44-65AU distance (60 AU average inBhāgavata) (3) Brahmāņɖa circumference = 1.87 x 10 Bha-yojana (Sūrya-siddhānta 12/90) Diameter = 1.3 x 10 Light year , Modern measure 10 LY. 8 8 16 5 5

  7. Dhāmayojana Measure of solar system is given in Ŗkveda(10/189/3) त्रिंशद्धामवि-राजतिवाक्पतङ्गायधीमहि।प्रतिवस्तोरहद्युभिः ॥ (ऋक्, १०/१८९/३) For 30 Dhāma brightness is more, which is understood as Vāk=field of Patanga=sun. Each Vasta (location) of Dyu (sky) is measured in Ahar. Aharand vasta both mean day. Dhāma and yojana both words have been used in Řgveda (1/123/8) for measure of Uşā (twilight) सदृशीरद्यसदृशीरिदुश्वोदीर्घंसचन्तेवरुणस्यधाम। अनवद्यास्त्रिंशतंयोजनान्येकैकाक्रतुंपरियन्तिसद्यः ॥ (ऋक्, १/१२३/८) They (Uşā) are same today and will be same tomorrow. They spread towards place of Varuņa, one by one.Dhāmaof Varuņa are 30 without break. They are ahead of Kratu =sun by 30 Yojanas. Meaning in space-Zone of Varuņa is galaxy. Within that, there are 30 zones one after other where light of sun is more than the background of galaxy. Light of each zone is more than darkness and less Sun itself and is called Uşā (twilight) of 30 levels in 30 zones called Dhāma. Measure of Dhāma here is not defined. Here measuring rod is earth itself as in Sūrya-siddhānta- माछन्दःतत्पृथिवी, अग्निर्देवता .. (मैत्रायणीसंहिता, २/१४/९३, काठक संहिता, ३९/३९) Measure of loka has started in Taittirīyaupanişad(2/8) from Earth-called Manuşya-loka. Bŗhadāraņyakaupanişad (3/3/2)- ...द्वात्रिংशतं वै देवरथाह्न्यन्ययं लोकस्तং समन्तं पृथिवी द्विस्तावत्पर्येति ताং समन्तं पृथिवीं द्विस्तावत्समुद्रः पर्येति..... (बृहदारण्यक उपनिषद् ३/३/२) = 32 ahar (Plural is aha̅ni) is measure of Deva-ratha, its double in all directions is Pŗthivī (enclosure of solar system), that is surrounded all around by Samudra (ocean) of twice size. Thus all measure starts from earth as measuring rod. But there are 3 Dhāmas within earth, so Dhāma 3 = earth. Distance from center of measure is equal to radius of earth. Radius of Dhāma 4 =2 x earth radius, Radius of Dhāma 5 = 4 x earth radius, and so on.

  8. Ahargaŋa Scale n-3 D = r x 2 r 3 2 1 4 ahargaŋa=2r Earth 4r 8r

  9. KśaraDhāma Meaning ofDhāmaon earth-Varuņa is lord of west direction. Uşā (twilight) goes up to 30 dhāmas in that direction ahead of place of sun rise. In India, it is taken as 15 degree west of sun-rise. This is called Sandhyā (joint) period and in Kali-yuga of 1200 years, 2 sandhyā are of 100 years each. Thus in a day of 24 hours, it will be of 1 hour each equal to 15 degree rotation of earth. In west, it is taken as 18 degree which is more correct for European latitudes. Thus 1 Dhāma= ½ degree longitude. This will differ for each latitude circle, will decrease as we move away from equator. On equator, it is fixed and can be called a Dhāma-yojana, equal to half degree arc. Thus, 1 Dhāma-yojana = 40,000/720 = 55.5 kms. Kaţhaupanişad1/3/1) gives measure of galaxy in that measure- ऋतं पिबन्तौ सुकृतस्य लोके गुहां प्रविष्टौ परमे परार्धे । छायातपौ ब्रह्मविदो वदन्ति पञ्चाग्नयो ये च त्रिणाचिकेताः ॥ (कठोपनिषद् १/३/१) = Persons doing good finally enter the largest cave of size (circumference) of para̅rdhayojana (0.5 x 1017 x 55.5 kms.). Knowers of Brahma call it a combination of light and shadow having 5 Agnis(condensations) called (1) Svayambhu̅ (universe as collection of 1011 galaxies), (2) Parameşţhīmaņɖala (galaxy with stars), (3) solar system of 30 dha̅mas (230 x earth size), (4) Cha̅ndramaņɖala (sphere containing orbit of moon), and (5) earth. Out of these, the last 3 are jointly influencing us-called 3 eyes of Śiva. Chiketa = distinct, Nāchiketa =indistinct, mixed. Here diameter of galaxy comes to 97000 LY, between 100000 and 95000 LY estimates of NASA in 1990 and 2005. Same measure is used in Ŗgveda (1/164/12) etc. where Brahmāņɖa has always been called Pura (structure) of Parārdha size. Yojaana has been used only once in Ŗgveda, so it can have only this meaning.

  10. Earth to 17 ahargaņa 17 ahargaņa Mars 15 9 Moon Venus 3 Mercury Earth Sun

  11. Solar system 33 ahargaņa 27 Maitreya 21 Rathantarasāma 17 ahargaņa Saturn Earth Sun

  12. Solar System-Steps of Vișņu Bright Sun as point Light Ușā Heat Zone 5 Sun 100 diameter 1000 D 10 D 7 10 D Step 2 Brahmāņɖa Step 1 Step 3 Paramapada

  13. Zones of Solar system • Vaşaţkāra-Vāk (field of Sun) is şaţ (6), so it is called Vaşaţkāra. These are zones of 3 to • at intervals of 6 ahargaņa each. • 3 ahargaņa =Earth itself. • 9 ahargaņa = earth x 26 = earth x 64. Moon is at 61 radius distance. • 15ahargaņa = earth x 212 = earth radius x 2.6125 x 107 = Varāha zone. • Difference between radii of Earth and venus orbits = (150-108) x 106 Km. • Thus, Varāha zone = (26.125/42) x 100 = 62.2%. • (d) 21 ahargaņa = earth x 218 = Radius of 1672 x 106 Km. • Chakra of Ratha of sun has1000 yojana radius. • Here, yojana=diameter of sun. So, radius is 13,92,000 x 1000 = 1392 x 106 Km. • This is also called Sahasrākśa zone, where ākśa=sun. Thus 21 crossesrathaand is • called Rathantara-sāma. • (e) 27 ahargaņa = earth x 224 = Radius of 1.07 x 1011 Km. This is called Maitreya-maņɖala. • In Vişņu purāņa (2/7) etc. it is stated of 105 yojana. Here, yojana is sun diameter. • This is also called Sāvitrī=creative. It is 224 times earth and chhanda of 24 letters is called • Gāyatrī . Gāyatrīalso means Sāvitrī . • (f) 33 ahargaņa = earth x 230= Radius of 6.848 x 1012 Km. Latest estimate of farthest • objects is Oort cloud at distance between 75 to 150 thousand AU. • Larger limit =1.5 x 108 x 1.5 x105 Km = 2.25 x1013 Km • (g) 34 ahargaņa is of double size called Prajāpati. • 2. Sun centric Trişţupchhanda- Trişţupchhandahas 4 parts of 11 letters each. 3 parts are • 3 zones of solar system called 3 steps of Vişņu. Complete Chhanda is of 44 letters. That is • measure of Maharloka. It is taken 43 only as Chhanda can be of 2 letters more or less. • It is equal to width of spiral arm of galaxy, called Śeşa-nāga. It has about 1000 stars called • 1000 heads of Śeşa. The 3 zones or steps of Vişņu are zones of heat, brightness and light. • 3. Two parts-Planetary zone is called Bŗhaspati, the largest planet. Outer zone is after • 1000 Sun-diameters = Sahasrākśa or Indra- • शंनोइन्द्रोबृहस्पतिशंनोविष्णुरुरुक्रमः।

  14. Galaxy and its spiral arm

  15. Solar yojana For measure of solar system, diameter of sun itself has been taken as a yojana. It can be also called Ātmā-yojana, as sun is ātmā (soul) of universe (Yajurveda 7/42 etc.) It is seen from Vāyupurāņa (6/12) where Varāha is stated 100 yojana high and 10 yojana wide. As it is description of solar system, height of from sun is 100 yojana and in its body of 10 yojana, earth is like a dot on its tooth. Thus earth is between 100 and110 yojanas from sun. Taking sun-diameter as unit, it is 108-109 diameters. Examples- Heat zone (Tāpa-kśetra)-Up to 100 yojanasfrom sun- शतयोजनेहवाएष (आदित्य) इतस्तपति (कौषीतकिब्राह्मणउपनिषद्८/३) सएष (आदित्यः) एक शतविधस्तस्यरश्मयः।शतविधाएष एवैकशततमोय एषतपति (शतपथ ब्राह्मण १०/२/४/३) (2) Bright zone (Raśmi-kśetra)-Up to 1000yojanasfrom sun-युक्ताह्यस्य (इन्द्रस्य) हरयः शतादशेति।सहस्रंहैतआदित्यस्यरश्मयः (इन्द्रः=आदित्यः) जैमिनीयउपनिषद्ब्राह्मण१/४४/५) असौयस्ताम्रोअरुणउतबभ्रुःसुमङ्गलः।येचैनंरुद्राअभितोदिक्षुश्रिताःसहस्रोऽवैषांहेडईमहे ॥ (वा.यजु.१६/६) (3) Maitreya Maņɖala -1 lakhyojanas-Vişņu purāņa (2/8) Wheel of ratha-1000 yojana=zone of Indra (Sahasrākśa, akśaor chakśu = eye which is sun, Sahasra =1000)-This is grand cycle of planetary motions up to Saturn, so it is wheel. That Is basis of yugas in which revolution of planets are stated (Bhagaņopapatti) Ratha= Diameter 9000 yojana. Radius = 4500 yojana, up to orbit of Pluto. Īşā-daņɖa (axle rod)-Extent of solar wind up to 9000 yojana. Its middle zone is at 6750, Which is Nakśatra-kakśā (orbit of small bodies, Bālakhilya = small planets at end) at 60 AU i.e. 60 times distance of sun (Sūrya-siddhānta 12/80) Spread of Solar Ratha (=body)-157 lakhyojanasx 1392000 kms.= 2 LY diameter

  16. PrakāśaYojana-Length by Speed of Light Truţi has been defined as time taken by a sharp needle to pierce a petal of rose. -Vaţeśvara-siddhānta, madhyamādhikāra,7; Siddhānta-śiromaņi, madhyamādhikāra, 26 But this is not a definition of unit-hardness and width of rose-petal, sharpness of needle and force applied to it are unspecified. Bhāgavatapurāņa (3/11/5) defines it as time taken by light to cross 3 Trasareņu or 3 units larger than it which are missing- जालार्करश्म्यवगतःखमेवानुपतन्नगात्।त्रसरेणुत्रिकंभुङ्कतेयःकालःसत्रुटिःस्मृतः (भागवतपुराण३/११/५) Both can be explained by the fact that earth is called a big lotus in space – पद्भ्यांभूमिः-पुरुषसूक्त, यजुर्वेद (३१/१३) Last step of creation is earth, so it is foot. It is base (foot, pada) of life, so it is padma (lotus). This is the lotus coming from navel of Sun as Vişņu. Seen from earth, it is at focus of the apparent orbit of sun. That focus is navel (nābhi). Truţi is 33750 parts of 1 second. It is time taken by light to cross a yojana, which may be 1000 or 1600 parts of its diameter. Examples- Radius of solar system is distance travelled by light in 1 year. That was the region whose material started creation of sun, so it is Āditya. Thus is called samvatsara (year)- संवत्सरःस्वर्गा (=सौरक्षेत्र) -कारः (तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मण२/१/५/२) वाक् (=सौरक्षेत्र) संवत्सरः (ताण्ड्यमहाब्राह्मण१०/१२/७) Within this region, devas are created-प्रजापतिः (शतपथ ब्राह्मण १/६/३/३५, १०/२/६/१, ऐतरेय ब्राह्मण १/१, १३,२८,२/१७, ४/२५आदि) संवत्सरोवैदेवानांजन्म (शतपथ ब्राह्मण ८/७/३/२१) After samvatsara is Varuņa region- संवत्सरोवरुणः (शतपथ ब्राह्मण ४/४/५/१८आदि) (2) Tapahlokaof Brahmā is the region which receives light (or heated) from other parts. It is Called visible universe in modern physics.ब्रह्मातपसि (प्रतिष्ठितम्) ऐतरेय ब्राह्मण ३/६, गोपथ ब्राह्मण उत्तर३/२), तपोऽसिलोकेश्रितम्।तेजसःप्रतिष्ठा। (तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मण३/११/१/२) (3) Vijñānaātmāin heart region is connected up to Brahma-randhra by lanes in individual bodies. (Bŗhadāraņyakaupanişad 4/4/8,9; Chhāndogyaupanişad 8/6/1,2,5; Brahma-sūtra4/2/17-20) From that it goes to Sun at speed of light. Ŗgveda (3/53/8) tells that this link goes and returns 6 times in a muhūrtta (48 minutes). Light travels 3 lakhkms. In 1 second. It will take 500 seconds or 8 minutes to reach. It will go and return 3 times in 8 x 6= 48 minutes.- अथयाएताहृदयस्यनाड्यः…।१।तद्यथामहापथ …आदित्यात्प्रतायन्ते … नाड़ीभ्यः प्रतायन्ते ॥२॥ …रश्मिभिरूर्ध्वमाक्रामते …॥३ ॥ (छान्दोग्यउपनिषद्८/६/१-३) त्रिर्यद्दिवःपरिमुहूर्त्तमागात्स्वैर्मन्त्रैरनृतुपाऋतावा (ऋक्३/५३/८)

  17. Pramāņa Yojana Jain Astronomy By S.S. Lishk-Vidyasagar Publication, Delhi-53, Pages 28,29- 1 Pramāņa yojana= 500 Ātmāyojana= 1000 UtsedhaYojana. Here Sun is ātmā of universe, so its diameter is ātmā-yojana. …… सूर्यआत्माजगतस्थुषश्च (यजुर्वेद७/४२) Each start of measure is earth, nextlokais Pramā measured in Pramāņa yojana. Lower divisions of standard earth are utsedhayojanadivided into 1000 parts. माछन्दः, तत्पृथिवी…।प्रमाछन्दः, तदन्तरिक्षम्। (मैत्रायणीसंहिता२/१४/९३, काठकसंहिता३९/३९) Bhāgavatapurāņa, part 5, Vişņu purāņa 2/7 etc give the following measures of 7lokas- Bhū-loka (Earth) 1000 yojana. In utsedhayojana= 1000 parts of earth. Bhuvar loka-1 lakhyojana. In earth yojanas, it is Varāha of 1000 times bigger spread. Svarloka-It is solar system whose ratha size is 157 lakhyojans = 157,00,000 x 1392000 kms = about 2 light years diameter. (4) Maharlokais 1 croreyojana. It looks smaller than solar system of 1.57croresize, but it is in Pramāņa yojana= sun diameter x 500) Thus, radius ofmahar-loka=1 croreyojana= 107 x 500 sun diameters =6.96 x 1015Kms. = 735 Light years. This is a sphere of width of spiral arm of galaxy near sun. (5) Janahloka-Radius is 2 croreyojanasin unit again bigger by 500 times. Thus it is 6.96 x 1018Kms. =73,500 LY. (6) Tapahlokaradius is 4 times bigger in unit 500 times bigger than that of mahar-loka. Radius is 14.7 crore LY, i.e. 45.1 Mpc which is distance of local super-clusture. (7) Satya-loka is 12 croreyojanasin still 500 times bigger unit. I.e. its radius =98 billion LY. Visible world (called Bhūmi) is of 1/10 size of Puruşa, as per in Puruşa-sūkta, 1 Visible world = 9.8 billion LY. Modern estimates range from 8 to 18 billion LY.

  18. Reverse tree of World Maņɖala Figure God Element Symbol Chakra in spinal cord Space Human body Viśuddhi Svāyambhuva Maņɖala Universe 1011 galaxies Brahmā =Biggest Sky A अ h ह Parameşţhī Maņɖala Galaxy, Ākāśa-gangā Brahmāņɖa,1011 stars Vişņu= enclosing Air I इ y य Anāhata Solar system Saura-Maņɖala Indra = radiation Teja U उ v व Svādhişţhāna Chāndra-Maņɖala Sphere of moon orbit Soma =Cool, rare Water Ŗ ऋ r र Maņipūra Agni =Dense Bhū-Maņɖala Earth Earth Ļ ऌ l ल Mūlādhāra Here order of Svādhişţhānaand Maņipūra is reversed in order of creation, called sŗşţi-krama. That is in order of Māheśvara-sūtras-अइउण्।ऋऌक्।….हयवरट्।लण्। It is in Saundarya-laharī-9. महींमूलाधारेकमपिमणिपूरेहुतवहं, स्थितंस्वाधिष्ठानेहृदिमरुतमाकाशमुपरि। मनोऽपिभ्रूमध्येसकलमपिभित्त्वाकुलपथं, सहस्रारेपद्मेरहसिसहपत्याविहरसि॥९॥

  19. Lokas and Viśva Higher Lokas-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 BhūBhuvarSvarMaharJanahTapahSatya (Earth) (Varāha) (Solar system) sphere of spiral (Galaxy) Visible Infinite arm width Universe Universe ParamaDhāma Trilokī (Dhāma) Rodasī (Avama) Krandasī(Madhyama) Sanyatī (Uttama) (of Rudra=weeping, lower) (Vişņu, tears, middle) (Static, higher) Ocean SāvitrīSarasvatīNiyatī Water Mara AmbhaAp=Rasa Higher spheres are 4, successively bigger than man by 107 . Chāndra-maņɖala is affecting us, so that too is a world. Thus higher world are 5, given in World-tree- 1. Svāyambhuva-maņɖala (universe), 2. Parameşţhī-maņɖala (galaxy), 3. Saura-maņɖala, (Solar system), 4. Chāndra-maņɖala (sphere of moon orbit), 5. Bhū-maņɖala (Earth) Man is world no. 6-Average of length-width-height=1.28 Meters= 107 parts of earth diameter. Lower Worlds are 7, successively smaller than man by 105 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KalilaJīva KuņɖalinīJagatDeva-dānavaPitaraŖşi (Cell) (Atom) (Nucleus) (Moving particles) (Quarks ?) (Proto-type) (Strings) Size 10-5 Meter 10-10 Meter 10-15 Meter 10-20 Meter 10-25 Meter 10-30 Meter 10-35 Meter Total worlds are 13, so Viśva means 13. Viśva is any system which is closed, complete and independent.

  20. Lower worlds (१) कलिल-सर्वधातुंकलनीकृतः, अव्यक्तविग्रहः (तस्मात्कलिल) चरकसंहिता, शरीरस्थान (४/९) In womb, cell starts collecting all materials, so it is called kalila. वालाग्रमात्रंहृदयस्यमध्येविश्वंदेवंजातरूपंवरेण्यं (अथर्वशिरउपनिषद्५) अनाद्यनन्तंकलिलस्यमध्येविश्वस्यस्रष्टारमनेकरूपम्। विश्वस्यैकंपरिवेष्टितारंज्ञात्वादेवं मुच्यतेसर्वपाशैः ॥ (श्वेताश्वतर उपनिषद्, ५/१३) A cell also is a Viśva, which is enclosed (pariveşţita). (२) वालाग्रशतसाहस्रंतस्यभागस्यभागिनः ।तस्य भागस्य भागार्धंतत्क्षयेतुनिरञ्जनम्॥ (ध्यानविन्दु उपनिषद् , ४) Starting from man, hair-end is first smaller Viśva 100 thousand times smaller. There are 6 more levels smaller by same ratio. Smallest is Nirañjana (not perceived by any instrument, or mind) (३) ऋषिभ्यःपितरोजाताःपितॄभ्योदेवदानवाः।देवेभ्यश्चजगत्सर्वंचरंस्थाण्वनुपूर्वशः॥ (मनुस्मृति, ३/२०१) From Ŗşis, pitarswere born; then Deva-dānava. All jagat was from Deva only. Devas are 33, Asuras are 99, so created universe is one-fourth only (Puruşa-sūkta 3,4). Jagat= moving particles are of 3 types-Chara=lepton, Sthāņu=Baryon, Anu-pūrva=Mesonic link particles. (४) वालाग्र शत भागस्य शतधाकल्पितस्यच ॥ भागोजीवःसविज्ञेयःसचानन्त्यायकल्पते॥ (श्वेताश्वतर उपनिषद्, ५/९) Assume 100 parts of 100th part of hair end (micron size)=10-10 Meter. That is Jīva, not destroyed in any chemical change-all Kalpa =or creation is recombination of atoms only. (५) षट्चक्रनिरूपण, ७-एतस्यामध्यदेशेविलसतिपरमाऽपूर्वानिर्वाणशक्तिःकोट्यादित्यप्रकाशांत्रिभुवन-जननी कोटिभागैकरूपा।केशाग्रातिगुह्यानिरवधिविलसत .. ।९।अत्रास्तेशिशु-सूर्यकलाचन्द्रस्यषोडशीशुद्धानीरज सूक्ष्म-तन्तुशतधाभागैकरूपापरा।७। Central nerve is 107 parts of hair-end. Kuņɖalinīis still 100 times smaller, equal to nucleus of atom = 10-15 meters (६) असद्वाऽइदमग्रऽआसीत्।तदाहः – किंतदासीदिति।ऋषयोवावतेऽग्रेऽसदासीत्।तदाहुः-केतेऋषयइति। तेयत्पुराऽऽस्मात्सर्वस्मादिदमिच्छन्तःश्रमेणतपसारिषन्-तस्मादृषयः (शतपथब्राह्मण, ६/१/१/१) In beginning, it was Asat (invisible, beyond perception) only. That was Ŗşi. They pulled with force and energy, so they were called Ŗşi =Rassiin Hindi (String).

  21. Higher Worlds रविचन्द्रमसोर्यावन्मयूखैरवभास्यते।ससमुद्रसरिच्छैलापृथिवीतावतीस्मृता।३। यावत्प्रमाणा पृथिवीविस्तारपरिमण्डलात्।नभस्तावत्प्रमाणंवैव्यासमण्डलतोद्विज।४। (विष्णुपुराण, २/७/३,४) (3) The zone lighted by sun and moon is Pŗthivī(earth) and in all the earths-ocean, rivers and mountains are stated as on planet earth. (a) Planet earth-It is lighted by sun and moon both and it has all-ocean, rivers and mountains. (b) Maitreya-maņɖala-Itis the zone exclusively lighted by sun. Zones formed by planetary orbits are described as continents and oceans of same name as on earth. (c) Galaxy-This is the last limit up to which sun can be seen as a point- Definition of Brahmāņɖa in Sūrya-siddhānta (12/90). In this earth also, central rotating disc is called a river-Ākāśa-gangā. (4) Whatever is the size of earth by diameter and circumference, the same is diameter and circumference of its sky, starting from earth.. Stated by Maitreya to Parāśara, addressed as Dvija (Brāhmaņa). Planet earth-Its measure should start from human size, which is implied but not stated. Earth is limit (Koţi) of world for man and its size is 107 times, soKoţi=107. For earth also, its Koţiof world is solar system which is its sky and is 107 times bigger. (b) For Maitreya-maņɖala, its sky orKoţi is galaxy and is 107 times bigger. ( c) For the largest earth galaxy, its sky is universe. This is infinite, but is taken in same ratio of Koţi=107. Thus the 5 levels ofViśvastarting with man are successively 107 times bigger. 107 = 224 and 24 is number of letters in Gāyatrīchhanda, so it is said that is measure of all the Lokas. x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 x 107 = 224 Man Earth Solar system Galaxy Universe इयमेव (पृथिवी) गायत्री-जैमिनीयउपनिषद्ब्राह्मण, १/५५/३, शतपथ ब्राह्मण, १/४/१/३४, ताण्ड्यमहा ब्राह्मण, ७/३/११) गायत्र्यावैदेवाइमान्लोकान्व्याप्नुवन् (ताण्ड्यमहा ब्राह्मण, १६/१४/४)

  22. Concept of Time Time is perception of change of world. Change is of 3 types defining 3 types of time = Kāla. NityaKāla(Eternal time)-All physical bodies are always decaying. Changes are irreversible. Whatever has gone can not come back. So, it is also called Death (Mŗtyu). कालोऽस्मिलोकक्षयकृत्प्रवृद्धो (गीता११/३२) (2) JanyaKāla(Creative time)-This is related to Yajña which is creation of useful things in a cycle. Measure of that cycle is unit of time. There are 9 cycles of creation called 9 sargas. In Bhāgavata Purāņa, 10 sargas are stated including Avyakta (abstract, formless). Time of that is Parātpara. सहयज्ञाःप्रजाःसृष्ट्वापुरोवाचप्रजापतिः।अनेनप्रसविष्यध्वमेषवोऽस्त्विष्टकामधुक्॥१०॥ एवंप्रवर्तितंचक्रंनानुवर्तयतीहयः ….॥१६॥ (गीता, ३) कालःकलयतामहम्॥(गीता, १०/३०) (3) Akśaya-kāla (conserved time)-This is time of a system which follows 5 types of conservation laws In physics-mass, momentum, energy, angular momentum, and parity or charge. अहमेवाक्षयःकालो (गीता, १०/३३) (4) ParātparaKāla-This is time of abstract source of Universe, and is beyond any perception. It is described inBhāgavataPurāņa (3/16). From this abstract 9 levels are created, when forms and changes are perceived. It is called Day ofBrahmā. अव्यक्ताद्व्यक्तयःसर्वेप्रभवन्त्यहरागमे।रात्र्यागमेप्रलीयन्तेतत्रैवाव्यक्तसंज्ञके ॥ (गीता, ८/१८) Time and Puruşa Puruşa also is of 4 types-(1) All bodies with form (boundary is called Chhanda) are constantly decaying. That is called Kśara. Despite decay, the functions of the body remain the same, called Akśara. It is known by same identity, which is invisible (Kūţastha). As a part of surrounding, it is constant, called Avyaya. At ultimate source, there is no difference-it is Parātpara. PuruşaTime 1. KśaraNitya 2. AkśaraJanya 3. AvyayaAkśaya 4. ParātparaParātpara

  23. Measures of Time-Sūrya-siddhānta(14/1) Brāhma-His day is time period of creation of 9 stages from formless stage. 1 Yuga = 12, 000 Divya-year. In astronomy, Divya year =360 solar year 1 day of Brahmā =1000yugas=1000 x 12000 x 360 = 4,32,00,00,000 years. Same period is night, when all merge in same formless source. In modern terms, 1 day-night of 8.64 billion LY is radius of visible universe and also cycle of creation. (2) Prājāpatya-Prajāpati is Creator. His work started with creation of galaxy. Axial rotation period of galaxy is called Manvantara. Galaxy element is called Manu. It has 1011 stars which is equal to number of cells in human brain. So Brain element is called mana (mind). 1 Manvantara = 71yugas=30.68 crore years (3) Divya-1 Divya year =360 solar years. It can have 3 meanings- (a) Rotation period of imaginary planet at distance of 60 AU(called Nakśatra-kakśā in Sūrya-siddhānta (12/80) (b) In 1 day-night cycle, sun makes a circle at horizon. Similarly cycle of north-south motion is taken as 1 Divya day, and 360 such days make divya-year. ( c) This is cycle of historic changes called Parivarta-yuga in Vāyu-purāņa in list of 28 Vyāsas. It includes current generation with past and next =120 x3 years. (4) Jupiter year-It is period of 361.0486 days taken by jupiter with mean motion in 1 sign. In north India, this is actual time in 1 sign (Sūrya-siddhānta). In south India, solar year is taken as Jupiter year (Pitāmaha-siddhānta) (5) Solar year-1rotation of sun (apparent) is 1 year. 12 part is 1 month. 30 part f month is day. (6) Lunar-Month is synodic rotation of moon in 29.5 days of 2 equal parts-new moon to full is bright half. (7) Pitara-They live on opposite side of moon. So, lunar month is 1 day of Pitaras. 30 days are 1 month and 12 such months are year. (8) Sāvana (Civil)-Sunrise to next sunrise is day. 30 days = 1 month. 12 months = 1 year. (9) Nākśatra (sidereal)-Axial rotation period of about 23 hrs 56 minutes is 1 day. Sunrise to next rise period is bigger by 4 minutes as earth has to move 1 degree more covered by sun in annual motion. 30 days = 1 month. 12 months = 1 year.

  24. 7 Yugas -Smaller (1) Sanskāra-yugas-This is period taken by a man in completing his education. This is of 5 types- (a) Gopada-yuga-Like 4 feet of a cow, it has 4 years. It starts with Go-dhūli, i.e. sun set when dust Is raised due to cows returning after grazing. Year 1 is Kali (start of count) which will end at midnight after 365 days-hence Kali is called sleeping. Year 2 is Dvāpara (dvā = 2), which will end after 366 Days at sunrise. Thus is called awaken. Year 3 is Tretā(tri =3), which ends after 365 days at noon when people are standing. Cycle is completed in year 4, called Kŗta(=completed) again at sun-set. कलिःशयानोभवतिसञ्जिहानस्तुद्वापरः।उत्तिष्ठन्त्रेताभवतिकृतंसम्पद्यतेचरन्। (ऐतरेयब्राह्मण, ७/१३) (b) 5 year yuga- Yājuşa- jyotişa gives 5 year yuga. 5 such yugas have 6 omitted years, making a bigger yuga of 19 years. ( c) 12year yuga-It is rotation period of Jupiter and is taken as standard for teaching of Vedas. (d) 19 year yuga-Ŗk-jyotişa gives 19 year yuga with 7 extra lunar months which tallies with solar year within 2 hours (See Vedāngajyotişaby P.V. Holay, Nagpur, 1985) (e) Eclipse yuga- this is by joint motion of sun and Rāhu in 18 years 10.5 days. Its half period of 3339 tithis is also cycle of eclipse indicated in Ŗk (3/9/9, 10/52/6). त्रीणिशतानि त्रीणिसहस्राण्यग्निंत्रिंशच्चदेवानवचासपर्यन्। (ऋक्, १०/५२/६) (2) Human yuga-(a) Normal working period of life is 60 years. This is cycle of Jupiter years in which Jupiter and Saturn make 5 and 2 revolutions. This is called Angirā period in Vedas. आदित्याश्चहवाआङ्गिरसश्चस्वर्गेलोकेऽस्पर्धन्त-वयंपूर्वेएष्यामो, वयमिति।तेहाऽऽदित्याःपूर्वे स्वर्गलोकंजग्मुः, पश्चेवाङ्गिरसःषष्ट्यांवावर्षेषु (ऐतरेयब्राह्मण, १८/३/७) आदित्याश्चाङ्गिरसश्चसुवर्गेलोकेऽस्पर्धन्त …त आदित्या एतंपञ्चहोतारमपश्यन् (तैत्तिरीयब्राह्मण, २/२/३/५) Here, Āditya =12, Pañcha-hotā =5 x 12 =60 years. (b) Century year-It is indicated by Saptarşi, who remain 100 years in one star. The line joining 2 eastern stars joins zodiac in point whose location is star ofSaptarşi . It moves back @1 star (13020’) in 100 years. This is also obtained by combining yugas of Ŗk of 5 x 19 =95 years when moon comes in same nakśatra. Adding 5 year yugaofYājuşa–moon will be 1 more. Rājatarangiņīhas called it Laukika era. (c) 120 years cycle is taken in cycle of periods of planets in astrology. (3) Parivarta Yuga-It is Divya year of 360 years. Vāyupurāņa (23/114-226) or Kūrma (chapter 52) has called it parts of Dvāpara or Parivarta. Brahmāņɖa purāņa (1/2/29/19) tells Yuga of 2600 years and at (1/2/9/36,37) Calls the same as manvantara of 71 yugas where 1 yuga = 360 years. षड्विंशतिसहस्राणिवर्षाणिमानुषाणितु।वर्षाणांयुगंज्ञेयं….. (ब्रह्माण्डपुराण,१/२/२९/१९) तस्यैकसप्ततियुगंमन्वन्तरमिहोच्यते (ब्रह्माण्डपुराण,१/ २/९/३६,३७) 71 x 360 =25,560 or about 26,000 years.

  25. Historicyuga • (4) Sahasrayuga-(a) Bhāgavatapurāņa (1/1/4) tells a session(satra) of 1000 years by Śaunaka. Human life • is only of 100 years, but standards of moral remain for thousand years, which is a satra of that period. • 3000 years after that, Vikramāditya re-edited Purāņas which is continuing now for 2000 years. • (Bhavişyapurāņa, 3/3/1/2-4) • (b) Saptarşi-vatsara is of 2700 divya (solar year) or 3030 Mānuşa years (12 revolutions of moon in 327 days) • त्रीणिवर्षसहस्राणिमानुषेणप्रमाणतः।त्रिंशदधिकानितुमेमतःसप्तर्षिवत्सरः (ब्रह्माण्डपुराण, १/२/२९/१६, वायुपुराण, ५७/१७) • सप्तविंशतिपर्यन्तेकृत्स्नेनक्षत्रमण्डले।सप्तर्षयस्तुतिष्ठन्तेपर्यायेणशतंशतम् (वायु पुराण, ९९/४१९) • Here , 2700 Divya years= 2700 x 365,25 days, 3030 Mānuşayears =3030 x 327 days. Both are equal. • (c) Romakasiddhāntahas used a yuga of 2850 years which is 150 times Ŗkyugaof 19 years. • (5) Dhruva or Krauñchayuga-(a)Dhruvasamvatsarais of 9090 Mānuşa years or 8100 solar years. • (Brahmāņɖa purāņa, 1/2/29/18). Vāyupurāņa, (57/18) has called it Krauñcha-samvatsara. • (b) Jupiter Yuga-Jupiter years in north India follow Sūrya-siddhānta, chapter 4, where 361.0486 days is time • taken by Jupiter in 1 sign by mean motion. In 85 solar years, there are 1 more i.e. 86 Jupiter years. In south • India by Pitāmahasiddhānta, solar year is taken as Jupiter year. 60 years cycles in both systems will join in • 60 x 85 =5100 solar years which makes 1 Jupiter Yuga. Rāma was born on 11-2-4433 BC at 10-47-48 LMT. • Then it was Prabhava year in both systems (Vişņu-dharmottarapurāņa, 82/7,8). 5100 years prior to that, • Prabhava year was at time of Matsya incarnation in 9533 BC. As per Iliad of Homer last island of Atlantis • had submerged in 9564 BC. Persian tales tell it in 9844 BC. Glacial floods lasted about 1000 years. • (6) Ayana-yuga-Manvantara of 26000 years is the precession cycle of earth’s axis in reverse direction. • But historic cycle follows cycle of Glacial floods and ice eras. That is joint effect of rotation of Apogee in • 1,00,000 years and precession in reverse direction in 26000 years (Milankovich Theory, 1923). When north • pole is inclined away from sun, it gets less heat. Heat is further reduced when sun is farthest at apogee • (mandoccha). That is period of glacial ice. At perigee, when north pole is towards sun, it gets maximum heat • and is Glacial floods. That is cycle of 21,600 years- • Middle value of 24,000 years is taken in India with 12000 years period of Avasarpiņīin order of Satya, Tretā, • Dvāpara, Kali of 4,3,2,1 parts. Second half is Ustasrpiņīin reverse order of yugas. This is cycle of correction • Taken from tradition by Brahmagupta (Brhma-sphuţa-siddhānta, Madhyamādhikāra, 60-61) and Bhāskara-2 • (Siddhānta-śiromaņi, Bhū-paridhi, 7-8) • (7) Astronomical era is of 12000 Divya years each equal to 360 solar years, i.e. of 43,20,000 years. It has • 3 meanings-(d) Combined cycle of planets within wheel of solar Ratha, up to Saturn (b) Cycle of change in • eccentricity of earth orbit, (c) Cycle of magnetic pole reversal. These depend on (a).

  26. Yuga Cycle Cycle Order BC years of start Yuga Glacial cycle (modern value) 61,902 Satya Glacial ice 69,200 (Tretā of previous cycle) Avasarpiņī57,102 Tretā Glacial flood 58,100-Maņijāera, some sūktas in (descending) 53,502 Dvāpara that period-Veda-kāla-nirņaya-DinanathChulet, 1925. Dark era (first) 51,102 Kali 49,902 Kali Utsarpiņī48,702 Dvāpara (ascending) 46,302 Tretā Glacial ice 45,500 42,702 Satya 37,902 Satya Avasarpiņī33,102 Tretā Glacial floods 31,200 29,502 DvāparaĀdyaTretā-Brahmā-VarāhaKalpa Ādya-yuga 27,102 Kali 29,102 (Svāyambhuva) 25,102 Kali 27,376-Dhruva-0 (Brahma-dina 2) 24,702 Dvāpara 43 x 360 = 16,000 Utsarpiņī22,302 Tretā Glacial Ice-20,000 19,276-Dhruva-1 18,702 Satya 13,902 Satya 13,102-Vaivasvata Manu Avasarpiņī9,102 Tretā Glacial floods 9,200 11,176-Dhruva-2 5,502 Dvāpara 28 x 360 = 10,000 8,476-Ikśvāku-1 Vaivasvata 3,102 Kali 3,102-Kali 5,776-Saptarşi-2 (Current,day-3) 1,902 Kali Mahāvīrabirth 1905, Buddha (18886-1805) 3076-Laukika-3 702 Dvāpara 756-Śūdraka, Śākambharīśaka -612, Śrī-Harşa-456 Utsarpiņī1,699 AD Tretā 1700AD-Industrial revolution 5,299 AD Satya 2000 AD-End of Tretā-sandhyā-Information era.

  27. Parts of Yuga Brahmāņɖapurāņa (1/2/6/6-8) tells that the current kalpa or day of Brahmā is called Varāha-kalpa. Parts ofyuga are counted only for this kalpa. In list of 28 Vyāsas, each part of a yuga has been called parivarta. 1 parivarta = 360 years (Paridhi= circumference divided into 3600, parivartana= change). 1 Tretā = 3600 years = 10 Parivarta Yuga. Start of Tretā was in 22,302 and in 9,102 BC. These had 10 +10 = 20 parivarta or parts. Even after second Tretā ended in 5,502 BC, this counting continued till age of Rāma (birth on 11-2-4433 BC as per horoscope in VālmīkiRāmāyaņa) as era of advancement continued. Vāyupurāņa, chapters (70, 86, 98) mentions these parts- Asura king Bali-3rdTretā –This count should start from 22,302 BC, but this yuga-system itself started after Vaivasvata Manu, hence it should more properly be counted 3600 years before 13,902 BC, i.e. from 17,502 BC. SecondTretā will be completed in 16,802 BC and the third will continue till 16,442 BC. In this period of Bali, Vāmana had achieved supremacy of 3 lokas forIndra. But Asuras thought that they could have defeated Devas in war and continued attacks. Finally Kārttikeya defeated them convincingly. In his period, pole star had shifted from Abhijit to Dhanişţhā and in consultation with Brahmā, he started year with entry of sun in Dhanişţhā (Mahābhārataudyogaparva, 230/8-10). That should be in 16,000 BC. Bali period is 1 saptarşi = 2700 years after completion ofDhruva cycle in 19,276 BC, i.e. after 16,576 BC when Asura empire based in KrauñchaDvīpa (north America) was most powerful.. Year started with south ward motion of sun, or varşā (rains), so year itself was called varşa. Dattātreya-10thTretā,-It appears to be in 9102 BC when secondTretā started after end of glacial floods. Māndhātā- 15thTretā-started in 9102-4 x 360 =7,662 BC and continued till 7,302 BC. 18 generation after him was Bāhu, who had been defeated by Yavanas with help of Haihaya, Tālajangha, Śaka, Pārada, Kāmboja, and Pahlavas (Brahmāņɖapurāņa, 2/3/63/119-120). Megasthenes, Arian, Solin and other Greek authors have given the date of this first Yavana attack by Dionysus (Bacchus) as 6451 years 3 months before Alexander, i.e. in 6,777 BC. Paraśurāma-19thTretā- It started in 5502 + 2 x 360 = 7222 BC. After his death,Kalamba (Kollam) samvatstarted in 6,177 BC which still continues in Kerala. As incarnation of Vişņu, he has been called Hercules (as sun or Vişņu, he holds the earth). He was 15 generations after Dionysus as per Greek writers. He destroyed kings (kingdoms) 21 times, which has been called republic era for 120 years by the Greeks. This should start 120 years before the death of Paraśurāma in 6297 BC, when he must have been about 30-35 years. Thus, he lived up to at least 155 years of age, so he is famous as long lived. Rāma-24thTretā- This actually started 3 parivartas after end ofTretā, i.e. 5502-3 x 360 = 4422 BC, i.e. when he was 11 years of age. Thus his life was mostly in 24thTretā.

  28. Saptarşi era and 7 Brahmās Saptarşi era-As per, Rājatarangiņī,1/50-52), Laukikābda started with death of Yudhişţhira in kali year 25, i.e. in 3076 BC when Saptarşis left Maghā after 100 years stay in that star. 3 Saptarşi cycles i.e. 8100 years are cycle of Dhruva starting after death of King Dhruva, grandson of Svāyambhuva Manu as per Bhāgavatapurāņa. It was called Krauñcha year, when Asura kings up to Bali were supreme in that continent. Brahmā-There were 7 human Brahmā as per Mahābhārata, śāntiparva (chapters 348, 349)- 1. Mukhya –From mukha (mouth) of Nārāyaņa) or main Brahmā-He taught Vaikhānasa. 2. From eyes-He was taught by Soma and himself taught Bālakhilyas. 3. From Vāņī – He has been called Apantaratamā, son of Vāņī in Mahābhārata, śāntiparva (349/39). He taught TrisuparņaŖşi. As per purāņas, he lived on banks of Gautamī (Godāvarī). The suparņa, is stated to have entered sea-tending coastal land has been called Reļhi (Ŗgveda 10/114/4), so farmers in Andhra are still called Reddi. Brāhmī script of 64 letters still continues as Telugu and Kannada having vowels of 1, 2, 3 meters. 4. In ādikŗtayuga (37902-33102 BC)-Brahmā was from ears. He taught Vedas with Āraņyaka, Rahasya, and Sangrahato Svārochişa Manu, Śankhapada, dikpālaSuvarņābha. 5. In ādikŗtayuga -From nose of Nārāyaņa-He taught Vīraņa, RaibhyaMuni, and Kukśi (Dik-pāla = Ruler of a region). 6. AņɖajaBrahmā-taught Barhişad Muni, JyeşţhaSāmavratī, king Avikampana. 7. PadmanābhaBrahmā taught Dakśa, Vivasvāna, Ikśvāu-This could not have been a single man from Vivasvān in 14000 BC to Ikśvāku in 8576 BC. This appears to be institution of Brahmā who was first consulted by Kārttikeya for new calendar. His tradition appears to have continued till 9,500 BC at time of Ŗşabhdevajīafter glacial floods. He might have been in east Himalayas. Catchment of Brahmaputra river is called Brahma- viţapa in Trivişţapa (Tibet), or at Manipura which means navel (of Nārāyaņa) giving birth to Brahmā, adjacent country.

  29. Kaśyapa, and Manus • In astronomy, 7th Manu period is running and 7 more are yet to come. These are periods of geological changes • which has been also described in purāņas and Vedas. But in historic era, all 14 Manus have passed. There were • 7 main Manus and their 7 cousins, called Sāvarņiin same periods- • Sl. No. Main Manu Sāvarņi Manu • 1. SvāyambhuvaMeruSāvarņi • 2. SvārochişaDakśaSāvarņi • 3. Uttama Brahma Sāvarņi (Kaśyapa) • 4. Tāmasa Dharma Sāvarņi • 5.RaivataRudraSāvarņi • 6.ChākśuşaRauchya • 7.VaivasvataBhautya • Brahmāņɖapurāņa(1/2/36/65) tells that 4 Manus- Svārochişa, Uttama, Tāmas, Raivata were descendants of • Priyavrata, elder son of Svāyambhuva Manu. Mother of Svārochişa was Ākūti who was daughter of • Svāyambhuva Manu and was married to RuchiPrajāpati, father of Rauchya Manu. The other 3 were sons of • Priyavrata. Brahmāņɖapurāņa(3/4/1/23-24) tells that the other 5 Sāvarņi Manus were sons ofPriyā (Kriyā), • daughter ofDakśaPrajāpati. Harivamśapurāņa(2/15) tells thatChākśuşa Manu was son of Ripu, grandson • of King Dhruva. Almost same exists in Vāyupurāņa (4/100, 58/30). Prior to Vaivasvata Manu, list of kings is • scanty. That gives 52 kings from Svāyambhuvato Chākśuşaand then 12 kings up to Vaivasvata Manu. • Kaśyapainfluence is for 5 generations fromChākśuşa Manu to Pŗthu, between them cameVŗ, Anga, Vena. • Svāyambhuva…………………………….. Chākśuşa……………………………. Vaivasvata • 40 generations 12 generations • 52 generations (incomplete list) = 15,120 years. • 1 generation = 15,120 52 = 290 years. • Period ofKaśyapa and Chākśuşa= 29102(Svāyambhuva) - 40 x 290 = 17,500 BC. • Pŗthu period = 17,500 – 5 x 290 = 16,050 BC. Thus, Kaśyapa period is from 17,500 to 16,050 BC. It may be noted that • Institute ofBrahmā from SvāyambhuvaManu continued till glacial ice period in 20,000 BC. Then, it was revived by Kaśyapa. • After that, period of each Vyāsa till Ŗşabhadeva can be taken as 2 parivarta = 720 years. Period of 6thVaivasvata-Yama is • taken as 4 parivarta = 1440 years as there was deluge in his period. After Ŗşabhadeva, period of all Vyāsa is taken as • 1parivarta = 360 years.

  30. Mahāvīra, Buddha etc Jain scriptures are unanimous that Mahāvīra was at the end of avasarpiņī , thus he has to be before 1902 BC. The horoscope given in astrology book tallies with the date 11-3-1905 BC which was Chaitraśukla 13th. Date of Siddhārtha Buddha is known more accurately-Birth 31-3-1886 BC, Vaiśākha śukla 15th, i.e. pūrņimātill 5-24 ghaţī. Departure for Kapilavastu-29-5-1859 BC, Sunday, āşāɖhaśukla 15. Achieving Buddha stage-3-4-1851 BC, Vaiśākhapūrņimātill 11 ghaţī before sunrise. Death of his fatherŚuddhodana 25-6-1848, śrāvaņapūrņimā, Saturday. Nirvāņa (death) of Buddha-27-3-1807, Tuesday, Vaiśākhapūrņimā, slightly before sunrise. Rāma birth at Ayodhyā at 81024’ east, 26048’ north, on 11-2-4433 BC at local time 10-47-48 h/m/s. lagna-9000’1”, sun-900’0’’, moon-9000’1”, mars-29800’0”, mercury-2100’0”, Jupiter- 9000’1”, venus-35700’0”, Saturn-20000’0”, Rāhu-12004’26”, balance in period of Jupiter-4 years. Kŗşņa birth at Mathurā 27025’ north, 77041’ east, on 17-7-3228 BC at midnight. Sun-139048’, moon-47042’, mars-9106’, mercury-152048’, Jupiter-148054’, venus-102054’, Saturn-224042’, rāhu 106024’, lagna-500. Śankarāchāryaat Kālaţī10040’ north, 760 east, on 4-4-509 BC, Tuesday, 2252 hrs LMT, vaiśākhaśukla 5 till 1132 hrs, punarvasu star from 4-4-509 BC -0139 hrs till 5-4-509, 0406 hrs. Lagna-261024’, sun-25038’, moon-90068’, mars-305019’, mercury-44034’, Jupiter-247045’, venus-67053’, Saturn-343022’, rāhu-31047’.

  31. Mālava-gaņa-756-456 BC Śūdrakawas born as Indrāņīgupta in Brāhmaņa family and was king of Mālavā (Ujjain). He united 4 main royal families in a yajñaat Abu (Arbudaparvata) performed by Vişņuincarnation Buddha born as son of Ajina in Kīkaţa (Magadha). Śūdraka-śaka was started in 756 BC on that occasion indicated in Jyotişa-darpaņa of Yallaya. For uniting 4 kings, he was called Śūdraka as honour and his era was called Kŗta (satya) yuga. These 4 families-Pratihāra, Paramāra (Pramara), Chālukya, Chāhamāna(Chauhāna)-took lead in protecting the country against attack by Asuras (Assyria),so they were called of Agni-kula. Agni normally means fire, but ŚatapathaBrāhmaņa (2/2/4/2) defines it as agni(agrī) =agraņī=leader. Pratihāra, and Paramāra stopped Asuras and Chālukyacontinued to block, but decisive victory was by king Chāhamāna who completely routed Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC. This has been indicated in Bible as final destruction of Asura empire by king of Medes east of Indus river (= Madhya-deśa between Gangāand Himālaya). Chāhamāna were devotees of Śākambharīwhose blessing for destroying Asuras in Kali era is indicated in Durgā-saptaśatī (11/49). Era was started on that occasion has been indicated by Varāhamihirain Bŗhat-samhitā (13/3). After Chāhamāna, there was temporary incursion by Śakas of central Asia who were trounced by Śrī-Harşa of Mālavā, in 456 BC and set up a pillar (Vişņu-dhvaja = Kutub-minar), called pillar of Hercules by Megasthenes. It has also been indicated by Ibn-Batuta, traveler from Morocco in 13thcentury. This samvat has been mentioned by Al-Biruni and Abul-Fazal. The 300 year period of Mālava-gaņa has been stated by Greek writers like Megasthenes as 300 years of democracy.

  32. 28 Buddhas 28 Buddhas are listed in Bauddha text-Stūpa(Thūpa) vamśa. Vişņuincarnation Buddha was born as son of Ajina in Kīkaţa (Magadha) slightly before Śūdrala-śaka i.e. in about 800 BC. He was not among 28 Buddhas. Mañjuśrī Buddha was born in China-he might be among 7 Brahmā, and was called Fan. Kaśyapa Buddha was in 17,500 BC. PūraņaKaśyapa was in Kasap (Rohtas district in west Bihar) in time of SiddhārthaBuddha. Amitābha Buddha was in China at time of Rāma whose teaching to Rāvaņa is called Lankāvatārasūtra. In Yoga-Vāsişţha, Nirvāņakhaņɖa, chapters 14-17, he has been called Kākabhuśuņɖi, who was north east from Meru, i.e. in China. Vasişţha had gone to him for learning. His views have been criticised in VālmīkiRāmāyaņa, Ayodhyākāņɖa, chapters 108-109. In verse (109/34) he has been called Budha, Buddha, Tathāgata, Śakyatama (Śākya). Sumedhā Buddha taught Paraśurāma after Dhanuşayajña at Mithilā when Rāma was married. He lived at Mahendragiri where a place named Baudha still exists which is a district. His teaching to Paraśurām is called Tripurā-Rahasya. He is the sameŗşiwho taught DurgāMāhātmya to king Suratha. His explanation of śakti as 10 Mahāvidyā is called 10 Prajñā-pāramitā in Baddha texts. Śākyasinmha Buddha had gone to Nepal just before Mahābhārata in time of king Jitedasti. Fahien has described times and places of 3Buddhas just before SiddhārthaBudda. Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni and Kaśyapa. Stūpa of Kanakamuni had been doubled by king Ashok in14th year of his rule. After Siddhārtha, there were 3 LokadhātuBuddhas, out of which 2 were in Kashmir-at time of Ashoka, 48th king of Gonandavamśa (1400 BC), and in time of 53 rd king Kanişka (1505 BC). Maitreya Buddha was in Dhānya-Kataka which is Cuttack in Orissa, a region of dhānya (paddy) with places as Chauliaganja, Dhānamandal, Salepur, etc. As per Fahien, he was about 300 years after death of SiddhārthaBudda (1807 BC) i.e in1500 BC. Dīpankara Buddha was after Sumedhā. Orissa king Indrabhūti was his disciple. His son Padmasambhava started Lama tradition in Tibet. Siddhārtha has named 3 more Buddhas whose teachings did not survive in absence of written text- Vipaśyī, Śikhi, Viśvabhū.

  33. 28 Vyāsa Sri KunvarLal Jain “Vyāsa-śişya” books (Purāņon men VamśānukramikaKāla-krama, andPurāņon men AitihāsikaParivarta Yuga-ItihasVidyaPrakashan, Delhi, 1990)has indicated period of 28 Vyāsasgiven in many purāņas(Vāyu, Brahmāņɖa, Kūrma etc). This is quoted by 18 Vol. Indian History by SripadKulkarni from BHISHMA, Thane, Mumbai-in vol. 4). 1. Svāyambhuva Manu (Brahmā)-(29,102-17,500 BC)-Svārochişa, Tāmasa, Raivata also were in this period. 2. Kaśyapa (Brahma-Sāvarņi Manu)-(17,500-16,050 BC)-Chākśuşa, and other Sāvarņi Manus. Pŗthu (17,050 BC) was most important king who did extensive mining all over the world-so earth was called Pŗthvī. Deva and Asuras joined for samudra-manthana which was world-wide joint exploration of minerals. Vena was father of Pŗthu and possibly a jainaTīrthankara as he has been blamed as Jaina in many Purāņas. 3 ŪśanāKāvya or Śukrāchārya (16,050-15,330 BC)-Son of Bhŗgu. Atharva-veda was by Bhŗgu-Angirā. Guru (Preceptor) of Asura, Daitya, Dānava. Treatises on Rājanīti(politics+economics), Dhanurveda, Āyurveda, Purāņas were written. Kārttikeya starts new calendar in 15,800 BC with year from entry of sun in Dhanişţhā star. 4. Bŗhaspati -(15,330-14,610 BC)-Complete form of Vedas. He explained grammar for each word separately is still used in China- where there is separate sign for each word. 5. Vivasvāna (Savitā)- (14,610-13,900 BC)-New calendar and yuga-system as per Sūrya-siddhānta. Year started from Āśvina month with entry of sun in meşa sign and crossing of equator in north motion of sun. Avasarpiņīyuga started with Satyayuga. Then Tretā, Dvāpara came and ended after (4800 +3600 +2400 years) in 3102 BC. 6. Vaivasvata-Yama (13,900-12,460 BC)-He was Ahur-Mazda (Asura-Mahādeva) of Zend-Avesta. Deluge in his period. He had explained the secrets of death to Nachiketā (Kaţhopanişad), so he is called Śrāddha-Deva also. He is called younger brother of Vaivasvata-Manu, but in action only.. His place was called Yama-loka, place of dead with capital at SanyamanīPurī. These are now called Yaman, Amman, Sana, Dead sea etc. 7. Indra-Śatakratu (12,460-11,740 BC)-Śata=100,Kratu= yajña= science of producing desired objects in cycles. There were many Indras in 3600 years supremacy of Devas, but 14 among them were important who ruled for 100 years each-and were called Śatakratu. Most of thesūktas of Vedas were written at time of 7thIndra- Vaikunţha. Indra was Lokapāla (ruler) of east direction (from center of India). With assistance of Marut (Lokapāla of north-west) who was expert in science of sound-he made Deva-nāgarī script with 49 letters for 49Maruts-still used in north India from east (Indra) to West (Marut). 8.Vasişţha (11,740-11,020 BC)-He was son of Mitra (Sun-Iran)) and Varuņa (Ahur-Mazda in Arab) both-may be link between two regions. 8th maņɖala of Ŗk-veda is by him. 9.Apāntaratamā or Sārasvata (11,020-10,300 BC)-Son of Sarasvatī-Alambuşā in gotra (family) of Dadhyaņ- Atharvańa. He lived on banks ofGautamī (Godāvarī) whereBrāhmī script is still current as Telugu and Kannaɖa. 10.Tridhāmā or Mārkaņɖeya (10,300-9,580 BC)-Dattātreya taught Yoga-tantra and Mārkaņɖeya taught purāņa.

  34. Vyāsaafter Floods 11.Ŗşabha-devaji (9,580-8,860 BC)-After deluge he brought back supremacy of Bhārata as itsChakravartī . Incarnation of of Vişņu). He was the first jaina-Tīrthankara of the current avasarpiņī. In name of his son Bharata, was called Bhārata. Earlier, it was named Ajanābha-varşa. In his period, Maya-Asura of Mexico revised Sūrya-siddhānta of Vivasvān which developed errors due to slowing down of axial rotation of earth in deluge. The international conference was at Romaka- pattana,900 west of Ujjain (Rabat in Morocco). Ŗşabha-devaji restored the civilization started by Svāyambhuva Manu, so he is called his descendant. As teacher (Ŗşabha =source of knowledge), he was 9th Śiva (Kūrma-purāņa). 12. Atri (8,860-8,500 BC)-Bhauma-Atri (of India, Bhūmi or Bhūloka among 3 lokas of Indra) wasāchārya (propounder) of āyurveda. He also made shorter method of solar eclipse. Sānkhya-Atri went to north-west direction where his Roman script has 25 (or 26 with extra-x) letters is still used, for 25 elements of Sānkhya. 13.Dharma or Nara-Nārāyaņa (8,500-8,140 BC) - He taught Vedas in Badarikāśrama. Guru tradition of Śankarāchārya starts with this Nārāyaņa. This is period of Kāņva-Medhātithiŗşi and king Duşyanta and his son Bharata. 14. Suchkśaņa or Suchkśu (8,140-7,780 BC)-Period of Marutta, Avikśita, Karandhama and ŗşis Gautama, Vāmadeva. 15. Tryāruņa (7,780-7,420 BC)-Period of king Māndhātā in line of Ikśvāku, and king Angāra of Gāndhāra. 16.Dhanañjaya (7,420-7,060 BC) ŖşiBharadvāja was contemporary-Dāśa-rāja war in about 7,200 BC. Attack by 17.Kŗtañjaya (7,060-6,700 BC) Gayāsura or Asita-Dhanvā on India in 6,777 BC- Dionysus, or Bacchus) as per 18.Ŗtañjaya (6,700-6,340 BC) Megasthenes. 19.Bharadvāja (6,340-5,980 BC)-Purohita (advisor) of emperor Chāyamāna (of Persia) and Divodāsa (of Kāśī)-both. 20.Gautama (5,980-5,620 BC)-He resided on banks of Gautamī (Godāvarī)-wrote sūtras of Nyāya-darśana. Period of Jamadagni, Hariśchandra. Paraśurāma, KārttavīryaArjuna. 21. Vāchaspati or Niryantara (5,620-5,260 BC)-Yavanas were expelled by king Sagara, supremacy on oceans. His grandsonBhagīratha brought down Gangā (some glaciers of Himālaya merged with it. 22. Sukalyāņa or Somaśuşņa (5,260-4,900 BC)-ŖşisPulastya and Viśravā. Institute of Paraśurāma ends with tretā. 23.Tŗņavindu(4,900-4,540 BC)-He was emperor. His daughter married to Pulastya, father of Rāvaņa, Kubera. 24.Vālmīki (4,540-4,180 BC)-Period of Rāma, son ofDaśaratha (4433-4262 BC). Also of Rāvaņa, Hanumān. 25. Śakti-Vāsişţha (4,180-3,820 BC)-Method of Veda-pāţha (recitation). 26. Jātūkarņya (3,820-3,460 BC)-Student of Parāśara, but period is before him. Kaņāda wrote Vaiśeşika-sūtras. 27. Parāśara (3,460-3,100 BC)-Teacher of Vişņu-purāņa. Divided Purāņa-samhitā in 100 crore verses into 18 purāņas of 4 lakh verses. 2 streams of astronomy-of Āryabhaţa (Svāyambhuva or Pitāmaha) and Parāśara (Sūrya-siddhānta or Maitreya mentioned in Vişņu-purāņa). 28. Veda-Vyāsa (from 3,100 BC till today)-Son of Satyavatī(later on married to king Śantanu) and Parāśara- Kŗşņa-Dvaipāyana. Wrote Bhāgavatapurāņa, Brahma-sūtra, commentary on Yoga-sūtra of Patañjali. Divided Vedas into many branches to preserve the knowledge. There was no furtherVyāsa , so it is still called 28th kali.

  35. Sūrya-vanśa Sūrya-vanśa started with rule ofIkśvāku on 1-11-8576 BC. He has been called son of Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC) but could have been descendant, or he re-established his system of calendar and polity. In Kish-chronicle of Iraq, his son or descendant Vikukśi has been called Ukusiin 8,320 BC. Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC), (2) Ikśvāku (1-11-8576 BC), (3) Vikukśi(Ukusi in 8320 BC), (4)Purañjaya or Kakutsthaalso called Āɖībaka =hump of bull)-He defeated Sujambha, second son of Prahlāda in sixth Deva-asura war. (5) Anenā, (6) Pŗthu-not the earlier king of Kaśyapa period, (7) Viśvagaśva, (8) Ārdra, (9) Yuvanāśva-1, (10) Śrāvasta (set up Śrāvastī town), (11) Bŗhadaśva, attacked by DhunduAsura. (12) Kuvalayāśva did the job, so he was called Dhundhumāra. Firdausi (Persian poet) has called him Keraspa in his Shāhanāmā. (13) Dŗɖhāśva, (14) Pramoda, (15) Haryaśva-1, (16) Nikumbha, (17) Samhatāśva, (18) Kŗśāśva, (19) Prasenajita, (20) Yuvanāśva-2, (21) Māndhātā-About his kingdom saying was famous that sun always sets and rises in his kingdom (Vāyupurāņa 88/68, Vişņupurāņa 4/2/65, Mahābhārata, Droņaparva 62/11). Subordinate kings were-Angāra (Gāndhāra), Marutta, Asita (Asita-Dhanvā in Śatapathabrāhmaņa 13/4/3/12 was an Asura king-not Dionysus but his predecessor), Gaya, Anga-Bŗhadratha, Janamejaya, Sudhanvā, Nŗga. His 3 sons ruled different states, and main line continued at Ayodhyā. (22) Purukutsa(23) Trasadasyu (24) Sambhūta(25) Anaraņya (26) Trasadaśva, (27) Haryaśva-2, (28) Vasumāna, (29) Tridhanvā, (30) Tryāruņa, (31) Satyavrataor Triśanku-He was being set by yajña of Viśvāmitra to Svarga, but was stopped midway by Indra. (32) Hariśchandra-He donated entire kingdom toViśvāmitra and worked as chāņɖāla at Kāśī. (33) Rohitāśva, (34)Harita, (35) Chañchu, (36) Vijaya, (37) Ruruka, (38) Vŗka, (39) Bāhu-He was defeated and killed in combined attack of Yavana, Kāmboja, etc in 6,777 BC. (40) Sagara-He took back the whole empire and spread influence over seas due to which they were called sāgara. He punished Persians by making their beard goat-shaped and expelled Yavanas from Arab when the settled in Greece which was called Ionia (Herodotus). His 60,000 sons were burnt by sage Kapila, who might have been author of Sānkhya-sūtras. In Gītā, he has been named as foremost Siddha and Sūrya-siddhānta, chapter 12 tells Siddhapura at 1800 east of Ujjain, so many persons take his place at California (assumed to be Kapilāraņya). (41) Asamañjasa was expelled. (42) Anśumāna-grandson of Sagara became king. (43) Dilīpa, (44) Bhagīratha succeeded in bringing GangāfromHimālaya which was called Bhāgīrathī. (45) Śruta, (46) Nābhāga-was a relation, not son. (47) Ambarīşa-2, (48) Sindhu, (49) Ayutāyu, (50) Ŗtuparņa, (51) Sarvakāma, (52) Sudāsa, (53) Kalmāşa- pāda (His feet became black due to curse ofŚakti, son of Vasişţha), (54) Aśmaka, (55) Urukāma, (56) Mūlaka-He was at time of Paraśurāmaand was hidden among women for saving him, so he was named Nārī-kavacha. (57) Śataratha, (58) Iɖaviɖa, (59) Kŗśakarma, (60) Sarvakāma, (61) Anarāya(or Anaraņya), (62) Nighna, (63) Anamitra or Raghu-1, (64) Dulīɖuha, (65)Viśvamahat, (66) Dilīpa. (67) Raghu-2-He is the hero of Raghuvamśa, epic of Kālidāsa. On his name, the clan was called Raghuvamśa. Whole of ancient India was under him. (68) Aja, (69) Daśaratha, (70) Rāma was his most famous son (4433-4372 BC) who killed Rāvaņa and set up world empire. His rule is still considered standard for propriety.

  36. Sūrya-Vamśa after Rāma (71) Kuśa, (72) Atithi, (73) Nişadha, (74) Nala (different from famous Nala of Nişadha), (75) Nabha, (76) Puņɖarīka, (77) Kśemadhanvā, (78) Devānīka, (79) Ahinagu, (80) Ruru, (81) Pariyātra, (82) Śala, (83) Dala, (84) Bala, (85) Uktha, (86) Sahasrāśva, (87) Chandrāvaloka, (88) Tārāpīɖa, (89) Chandragiri, (90) Bhānuchandra, or, Bhānumitra, (91) Śrutāyu, (92) Ulūka, (93) Unnābha, (94) Vajranābha, (95) Śankhana, (96) Vyuşitāśva, (98) Hiraņya-nābha-He learnt yoga from Yājñavalkya and spread it. (99) Kauśalya, (100) Brahmişţha, (101) Putra, (102) Puņya, (103) Arthasiddhi, (104) Sudarśana, (105) Agnivarņa, (106) Śīghraga, (107) Maru, (108)Prasuśruta, (109) Sandhi, (110) Pramarşaņa, (111) Mahasvān, (112) Sahasvān, (113) Viśvabhava, (114) Viśvasva, (115)Prasenajita, (116) Takśaka, (117) Bŗhadbala-He was killed inMahābhārata war (3139 BC) by Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna. After Mahābhārata-(1) Bŗhatkśaņa, (2) Uruyakśa, (3) Vatsavyūha, (4) Prativyoma, (5) Divākara, (6) Sahadeva, (7) Bŗhadśva, (8) Bhānuratha, (9) Pratitasva, (10) Supratīka, (11) Marudeva, (12) Sunakśatra, (13) Kinnara, (14) Antarikśa, (15) Suparņa, (16) Amitrajita, (17) Bŗhadbhāja, (18) Dharmī, (19) Kŗtañjaya, (20) Raņañjaya, (21) Sañjaya, (22) Śākya, (23) Śuddhodana, (24) Siddhārtha -Gautama Buddha (1887-1806 BC), (25) Rāhula, (26) Prasenajita, (27) Kśudraka, (28) Kundaka, (29) Suratha, (30) Sumitra-ended in 1634 BC.

  37. Chandra-Vamśa Soma (=Chandra) was son of Atri, (2) Budha was son of Soma, (Tāņɖya-mahā-brāhmaņa 24/18/6, Mahābhārata, udyogaparva 147/3). (2) Budha was married to Iļā, daughter of Vaivasvata-Manu. Son of Iļā was (3) AilaPururavā, first emperor in this line. His basic name was Puru. As son ofIļā, he was Aila. He started institution of yajña (3 agnis for that). He was like vŗşabha (bull) of yajña and was making rava (vibration). So, he was called ravā. This means that he was capable of production, henceravāis still used as word for respect around Kashi. 4. Āyu 5. Nahuşa had held the post of Indra also for some period when Indra had to leave after Brahma-hatyā by killing of Vŗtra. Later on, had to become serpent (a tribe of men where he ruled) by curse of a ŗşi. First son of Nahuşa was Yati who became sanyāsī (renunciate), so second sonYayāti became the king. 6. Yayāti -His first wife Devayānī was daughter of Śukrāchārya (Kāvya in Kaaba, Arab) who had 2 sons- Yadu, Turvasu. Second wife Śarmişţhā was daughter of Asura (Dānava) king Vŗşa-parvā (vŗşa= Taurus, parvata = mountain-in Turkey). She had 3 sons-Druhyu, Anu, Puru. Due to fraudulent second marriage, Śukrāchārya cursed Yayāti to become old. Then the youngest son Puru only agreed to take his old state, so he was given main kingdom, and in his name the clan was called Puru-vamśa. Yadu got north east part-in that line Kŗşņa (3228-3102 BC) was born. Druhyu got west part, Anu north (Ānava = yavana) and Turvasu in south -east. One branch of Yadu clan is stated to have gone under Ezypt rule where they were called Yid=Yahud (Jew)- escaped to Israel. (7) Puru, (8) Janamejaya-he did 3 Aśvamedha-yajña. (9) Prāchīnavān or Aviddha, (10) Pravīra, (11) Manasyu or Namasyu-He rules from Sindhu river to east ocean and Vindhya mountain to Himālaya. (12) Abhayada or Subhrū, (13) Subvantaor Dhundhu, (14) Yavuyāna or Bahugva, (15) Samyāti, (16) Ahamyati, (17) Raudrāśva, (18) Rucheyu-One of his 10 sisters was married to Atri whose son was Svasti. He had 3 sons- Soma (different from the first of Chandra line), Datta (Dattātreya), and Durvāsā. His daughter Apālā also was seer of mantra of Ŗgveda. (19) Matināra, in time of Māndhātā in about 7,300 BC (20) Apratīrtha-His son ŗşiKāņvaMedhātithi was seer of many mantras. Her sister Gaurī’s son was Māndhātā-famous world emperor of Sūrya-vamśa. (21) Tamsu or Sumati, (22) Īlina, or Sudyumna , (23) Duşyanta-from his wife Śakuntalā was born famous emperor (24) Bharata- hero of Abhijñāna-śākuntalam-famous play of Kālidāsa. Ŗşisof his time were-Ŗchīka, Jamadagni, Viśvāmitra, and Bharadvāja. Bharata was married to Sunandā, daughter of Sarvasena, king of Kāśī. From her, a son (25)Bhūmanyu was born by niyoga (artificial birth) by Bharadvāja. (26) Bŗhatkśtra (27) Suhotra (28)Hasti made a town in his name- Hastināpura, As this became capital of kings of India, Chinese called this country as elephant (hasti) kingdom. East and south parts of India adjacent to China are in shape of elephant head, whose trunk (śuņɖa) has gone to the end of Indonesia after which there is strait of śuņɖā.. After Hasti, his son (29) Vikuņţhana became king. All his 3 sons- Ajamīɖha, Purumīɖha, Dvimīɖha-were brāhmaņas, but on order of sageBharadvāja, eldest son (30)Ajamīɖha became king. He was contemporary to Sūrya-vamśa king Tridhanvā. After that, the list is in-complete.

  38. Chandra-vamśa after Samvaraņa List after Ajamīɖha is incomplete and different names are found in Purāņas. This line regained power with Samvaraņa –wife Tapatī (4159-4071 BC). Their son wasKuru-wife Śubhāngī(4071-3999 BC). His descendants were in two lines- Hastināpura line- Abhisvān-9 kings as per Bhāgavatapurāņa- Parīkśita-Janamejaya-Bhīmasena-Their periods are not known. Pratīpa (3370-3310 BC) was the first important king. His second son Śāntanu (3310-3251 BC) became king. Eldest son Devāpi went to Himalaya for Tapa and will re-start civilization after destuction by Kalki. Bāhlīka became king of west part-Balkha of Iran. Śāntanuhad 2 wives-From first wife was Devavrata, who took terrible oath of remaining unmarried and was given long life as per wish, so he was called Bhīşma (3238-3218 BC). Second wife Satyavatī had a son before marriage with sage Parāśara, called Kŗşņa-DvaipāyanaVyāsa. After marriageChitrāngada (3248 BC) and Vichitravīrya (up to 3238 BC) were born. His elder son was blind, so second son Pāņɖu (3218-3213 BC) ruled. After his death, again blind sonDhŗtarāşţra (3213-3174 BC) ruled and made his son Duryodhana (3174-3138 BC) a king. After Mahāhbhāratawar, DharmarājaYudhişţhira (3138-3102 BC), son of Pāņɖubecame king. Kings after DharmarājaYudhişţhira in kali- All sons of Pāņɖavaswere killed in Mahāhbhārata war. His younger brother Arjuna had a son from wife Subhadrā, sister of KŗşņaAbhmanyu. Abhmanyu also was killed, but his son in womb of Uttarā was miraculously made alive by Kŗşņa after he was killed by brahmāstraused by Aśvatthāmā after war. He became first king after Kŗşņa left the world at start of kali. (1) Parīkśita (3102-3041 BC)-he was son of Abhimanyu, He was killed by Takśaka, Nāga king, probably fromTakśkaśilā. (2)Janamejayaretaliated against Nāgas, called (nāga-yajña) and their region turned into mass-graveyard, now called Moin-jo-daro (place of dead) and Harappā (place of bones). (3) Śatānīka, and his son (4) Aśvamedhadatta arranged revision of purāņas at institute (mahāśālā) of Śaunaka at Naimişāaraņya. (5) Adhisīmakŗşņa, (6) Nichakśu-In his period there was a great natural upheaval which submerged Hastināpura in Gangā due to which capital had to be shifted to Kauśāmbī. Probably this was at same time as drying up the great river Sarasvatīin west India. The kingdom remained for name sake only and King of Kāśī had to take charge of managing the country. Probably, he was also named Yudhişţhira, but after 5 years of rule, he took sanyāsa as Pārśvanātha (23rd JainaTīrthankara) in 2634 BC, when Jainas take start of Yudhişţhiraśaka. (7)Ūşņa (Bhūri), (8) Chitraratha, (9) Śuchidratha, (10) Vŗşņimāna, (11) Suśeņa, (12) Sunītha, (13) Nichakśu-2, (14) Rucha, (15) Sukhabala, (16) Pariplava,(17) Sunaya, (18) Medhāvī, (19) Nŗpa (Ripu-) ñjaya, (20) Durva, (21) Tigmātmā, (22) Bŗhadratha, (23) Vasudāna, (24) Śatānīka, (25) Udayana (Hero of plays by Bhāsa, in time of Pradyoota, mentioned in epic Meghadūtaof Kālidāsa), (26) Vaśīnara, (27) Daņɖapāņi, (28) Niramitra,(29) Kśemaka -ended in 1634 BC by Magadha king Mahāpadmananda. (2) Magadha line-Sudhanvā (3999-3919 BC) Suhotra(3919-3826 BC)Chyavana (3826-3788 BC)Kŗmi or Kŗti (3788-3751 BC)UparicharaVasu (3751-3709 BC) (Pratīpa or Chaidya)Bŗhadratha (3709-3637 BC)-capital at Girivraja (Rājagŗha=Rajgir now)Kuśāgra (3637-3567 BC)Ŗşabha (3567-3497 BC)Satyahita(3497-3437 BC)Puņya or Puşpavanta(3427-3394 BC)Satyadhŗti(3394-3351 BC)Sudhanvā (3351-3308 BC)Sarva (3308-3265 BC) Jarāsandha (3222-3180 BC)Sahadeva (3180-3138 BC).

  39. Magadha kings in Kali 1.Bārhadratha vamśa-Started with Somāpi, son of Sahadeva killed in Mahābhārata war. Somāpi(Mārjāri)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) Śrutaśravā (3080-3016 BC), (3) Apratīpa (3016-2980 BC), (4) Niramitra(2980-2940 BC), (5) Sukŗta (2940-2882 BC), (6) Bŗhatkarman (2882-2859 BC), (7) Senajita (2859-2809 BC), (8) Śrutañjaya (2809-2769 BC), (9) Mahābala(2769-2734 BC), (10) Śuchi(2734-2676 BC), (11) Kśema (2676-2648 BC), (12) Aņuvrata(2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvŗtti (2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), (16) Dŗɖhasena (2453-2395 BC), (17) Sumati (2395-2362 BC), (18)Suchala (2362-2340BC), (19) Sunetra (2340-2300 BC), (20) Satyajita (2300-2217 BC), (21) Vīrajita (2217-2182 BC), (22) Ripuñjaya (2182-2132 BC) Total-22 kings for 1006 years (Brahmāņɖapurāņa 2/3/74/121, Vişņupurāņa 4/23/12 etc) 2. Pradyotavamśa-Last Bārhadratha king was Ripuñjaya killed by his minister Śunaka (or Pulaka) and made his son-in-law Pradyota, as king (Brahmāņɖapurāņa 2/3/74/122, Skandapurāņa 12/2 etc). Pradyota (2132-2109 BC), (2) Pālaka (2109-2085 BC), (3) Viśākhayūpa (2085-2035 BC), (4) Janaka (2035-2014 BC), (5) Nandivardhana (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years. 3. Śiśunāgavamśa- (KaliyugaRājaVŗttānta 2/2, Bhāgavatapurāņa 12/2/8 etc.)-(1)Śiśunāga (1994-1954 BC), Kākavarņa or Śakavarņa (1954-1918 BC), (3) Kśemadhanvā (1918-1892 BC), (4) Kśatrauja (1892-1852 BC), (5) Vidhisāra (Bimbisāra) or Śreņika (1852-1814 BC), (6) Ajātaśatru (1814-1787 BC), (7) Darśaka (1787- 1752 BC), (8) Udāyi (1752-1719 BC), (9) Nandivardhana (1719-1677 BC), (10) Mahānandi (1677-1634 BC). In this period Siddhārtha, son of Śuddhodanabecame Buddha, who was incarnation of māyā and moha, not of Vişņu (Vişņupurāņa 4/23 etc). He was 5 years younger to Bimbisāra and died in 8th year of Ajātaśatru’s rule in 1806 BC. Udāyi in 4 year of his rule established Pāţaliputra on confluence of Son and Gangā(Vāyu purāņa 119/318). Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years. 4. Nanda vamśa- Mahā-Padma-Nanda was the son of last Śiśunāga king Mahānandi by hisśūdrā wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately 1534 years after birth of Parīkśita in 3138 BC) stated in all purāņas as a landmark of history. He won most of India by exterminating all kśatriya kings like second Paraśurāma. (Vişņupurāņa4/24/104, Bhāgavatapurāņa12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years followed by 8 sons for 12 years (Matsyapurāņa 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years from 1634 to 1534 BC.

  40. Mauryaand Śungavamśa Mauryavamśa-KauţilyaChāņakyadestyoed and made Chandragupta as king. His family belonged to Murā town (in Sambalpur of Orissa, now submerged in Hirakud reservoir) which was center of iron ore called mura (murrum). So the family was called Maurya. 12 Maurya kings ruled for a total of 316 years (KaliyugaRājaVŗttānta 3/2, Matsyapurāņa 270/32, Vāyupurāņa etc.)- (1) Chandragupta (1534-1500 BC), (2) Bindusāra(1500-1472 BC), (3) Aśoka (1472-1436 BC), (4) Supārśva (Suyaśa, or Kuņāla)- (1436-1428 BC), (5) Daśaratha (Bandhupālita) -(1428-1420 BC), (6) Indrapālita (1420-1350 BC), (7) Harşavardhana (1350-1342 BC), (8) Sangata (1342-1333 BC), (9) Śāliśūka (1333-1320 BC), (10) Soma (Deva-) śarmā (1320-1313 BC), (11) Śatadhanvā (1313-1305), (12) Bŗhadratha (Bŗhadaśva)-(1305-1218 BC). There was anotherAśoka in Gonanda-vamśa (43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had become Bauddha due to which Bauddhas from central Asia destroyed the kingdom. Many of the inscriptions in name of Aśoka are by him (Rājatarangiņī , 1/101-102). No inscriptionincluding one at Hathi-gumpha mentions that had become Buddhist. Only mention is in Bauddha text Divyāvadāna (chapter Aśokāvadāna) that Aśoka was a good Bauddha because he had killed 12,000 Jainamonks on victory over Kalinga. This is too high a figure for a normal war. There is no basis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000 injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then Kalinga and more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with 20,000 horses, which was afraid of Magadha army of 600,000. Only possibility maybe that Jainas might be powerful in Kalinga administration which was lost after war. Another fallacy is spread that Magadha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-violence by Aśoka. Actually, non-violence is feature of Yoga-sūtra and more stressed in Jainism. Rather, Bauddha themselves including Siddhārtha Buddha himself were strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for Bhikśus. It is surprising as to how Buddha was moved by sacrifice of animals in yajña, which is for food, not for God. Maurya kings were never against Brāhmaņs, minister of Last king Puśyamitra was himself a Brāhmaņawho killed king and became king himself. Śunga-Vamśa-10 Śunga kings ruled for 300 years (KaliyugaRājaVŗttānta, Matsya,Vāyupurāņa). Puśyamitra(1218-1158 BC), (2) Agnimitra (1158-1108 BC), (3) Vasumitra (1108-1072 BC), (4) Sujyeşţha (1072-1055 BC), (5) Bhadraka (1055-1025 BC), (6)Pulindaka (1025-992 BC), (7) Ghoşavasu (992-989 BC), (8) Vajramitra (989-960 BC), (9) Bhāgavata (960-928 BC), (10) Devabhūti (928-918 BC).

  41. Kaņvaand ĀndhraVamśa Kaņva-Vamśa-4 Kaņva kings ruled for 85 years ((Vişņupurāņa4/24/39-42 etc). (1) Vāsudeva(918-879 BC), (2) Bhūmimitra (879-855 BC), (3) Nārāyaņa (855-843 BC), (4) Suśarmā (843-833 BC). Āndhra-Vamśa-33Āndhra kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, saptarşi-cycle of 2700 years started in time of kingYudhişţhira(saptarşi inMaghā from 3176 BC)-(Matsyapurāņa chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in KaliyugaRājaVŗttānta, list in otherpurāņasmiss some names. Śimukha (Sindhuka or Sumukha)-(833-810 BC), (2) ŚrīkŗşņaŚātakarņī (810-792 BC), (3) ŚrīmallaŚātakarņī (792-782 BC), (4) Pūrņotsanga (782-764 BC)-In his time Kalinga king Khārāvela became independent from Magadha which was suffering under attack from west Asia. He repairedPrāchī canal in 5th year of his rule (Prāchī inscription) which was 803 (Tri-vasu-śata ) years after coronation of Nanda (1634 BC), thus his rule started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) ŚrīŚātakarņī (764-708 BC), (6) Skandha-stambin (Śrīvasvanī)-(708-690 BC), (7) Lambodara (690-672 BC), (8) Āpilaka (672-660 BC), (9) Megha-Svāti (660-642 BC), (10) Śāta-Svāti (642-624 BC), (11) Skanda-Svāti (624-617 BC), (12) Mŗgendra-Svāti-Karņa (617-614 BC), (13) Kuntala(614- 606 BC), (14) Saumya (606-594 BC), (15) Śata-Svāti-Karņa (594-593 BC), (16) Pulomāvi-1 (593-557 BC), (17) Megha (557-519 BC), (18) Arişţa (519-494 BC), (19) Hāla(494-489 BC)-author of Gāthā-sapta-śatī, contemporary of Śankarāchārya. (20)Maņɖalaka (489-484 BC), (21) Purandara-Sena (484-463 BC)-saptarşi- cycle completed in 476 BC in his period. (22) Sundara- Śātakarņī (463-462 BC), (23) Chakra-Vāsişţhī-Putra and Mahendra (462-461 BC), (24) Śiva-1 (461-433 BC),(25) Gautamī-Putra-Śātakarņī (433-408 BC), (26) Pulomāvi-2 (408-376 BC), (27) Śiva-2 (376-369 BC), (28) Śivakoņɖā ( 369-362 BC), (29) Yajñaśrī (362-343 BC), (30) Vijayaśrī (343-337 BC), (31)Chandraśrī (337-334 BC), (32) Pulomāvi-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of Chandraśrī whose queen had links with commander Chandragupta who killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake king. His father Ghaţotkacha-Gupta was commander to 2 kings-(30) Vijayaśrīand (31) Chandraśrī. Finally, Chandragupta killed the son also and became the king himself.

  42. Gupta Kings Gupta-Vamśa-They have been called Āndhra-bhŗtyaalso, as they were serving as commander under them (Matsyapurāņa 273/17). Their place is called Śrī-Parvata which should be Śrī-śailam of Andhra Pradesh as the kings were from that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians have mentioned last kings of Āndhraand first 2 kings of Gupta clan as well as strength of army of Āndhra kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes are- Ghaţotkacha (Ghaţa = head, Utkacha = remover of hairs) - barber, Chandraśrī. (Chandra-Bīja)—Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st.Āndhra king Chandragupta-1-Sandrocottus, Samudragupta-Sandrocryptus, Chandragupta-2 was famous as conqueror or Amitrocchedas (=wiping out enemies)-Amitrochades. This was known to R.C Mazumdar, who quoted Megasthenes in –”Ancient India”-page 135 to give strength of army of Āndhra kings. But, he had to retract it in his later book in collaboration with K.K. Duttaand H.C. Raychaudhary. For obedience to British fraud, he was made General editor of 12 Vol. Indian History by BharatiyaVidyaBhawan. Usmania university also keeps both contradictions-For culture of Andhra Pradesh, Megasthenese had come in Gupta period. For history purpose, he was in Maurya period. Gupta kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of Maurya period- Chandragupta-1-Vijayāditya. Samudragupta-Aśokāditya, Chandragupta-2-Vikramāditya. This was only a title. Famous Paramāra king of Ujjain of this name was later on. Śrīgupta-Ghaţotkacha-Chandragupta-1 (327-320 BC)-Founder Kacha (320 BC) Samudragupta (Aśokāditya(320-269 BC) Rāmagupta Chandragupta-2 (Vikramāditya) (269-233 BC) Kumāragupta-1 (233-191 BC) Skandagupta (191-175 BC-Issueless) Puragupta (guardian of Budhagupta) Vainyagupta (175-174 BC) Kumāragupta-2 (174-172 BC) Budhagupta (172-166 BC) Narasimhagupta (Bālāditya-1)- (166-126 BC) Kumāragupta-3 (126-85 BC) Vişņugupta (85-82 BC)

  43. Mālvā Kings After Mahābhārata war, Paīkśita was killed by NāgaTakśakaof Takśaśilā in 3042 BC. His Son, king Janamejaya retaliated against Nāgas in 3089 BC in his Nāga-yajña. Many persons were killed, giving names of Moin-jo-daro (=place of dead) and Harappa (heap of bones). India became safe for 2200 years from invasion. But in 833 BC, Mauryan empire broke after fall of Śunga and Kaņvaeras and attacks started from tyrants of Assyria, called Asura In India. Khārāvel of Orissa (835 BC as per his inscription) checked their incursion up to Patna. But that was in-sufficient and Vişņu-incarnation Buddha, son of Brāhmaņa Ajinaof Magadha united 4 leading (Agri=Agni) kings of India-Paramāra, Pratihāra, Chāhamāna, Chālukyaunder Mālvā king Śūdraka at mount Abu in756 BC (Śūdraka -śaka). For uniting 4 clans, he was calledśudraas honour. Paramāra, andPratihāra checked Asuras for a while, but they were routed byChāhamāna of Delhi. Bible has stated that king of Medes of east of Indus wiped out Nineve, capital of Assyria in 612 BC (Era as per Bŗhat-samhitā 13/3 of Varāhamihira). His goddess Śākambharī is Indicated in Durgā-saptaśatī (11/58). King Sudhanvā was 6th from him who setup 4 Pīţhas of Śankarāchārya in 483 BC. Last descendant was PrithvirajChauhan, defeated in 1192 AD by Mohammad Ghori. Gardabhilla king Darpaņa of Ujjain had kidnapped Sarasvatī, sister of Jain muniKālakāchārya (599-527 BC), who went for help to 96 chiefs of Hinduga (Hindukush). Those chiefs had to save themselves from Darius of Persia (550 BC) and with help of Balamitra, king of Saurāşţra, captured Ujjain. Śaka king Nahpāna or Nahasena was made ruler of Ujjain. TheŚakakings and descendants were wiped out by Śrī-harşa in 456 BC (Harşa-śaka). After that Paramāra king captured Ujain. As perBhavişyapurāņa, pratisarga (4/1), they were- Pramara (197-191 BC), (2) Mahāmara (191-188 BC), (3) Devāpi (188-185 BC), (4)Devadūta (185-182 BC), (5) Gandharvasena (182-132 BC), (6) Śankha (132-102 BC), (7) Gandharvasena (102-82 BC)-after sudden death of his son Śankha. (8) Vikramāditya (82 BC-19 AD)-He started Vikramasamvat in 57 BC at Paśupatinātha in Nepal from Chaitra and at Somanātha from Kārttika month. He ruled up to Arab in west and his astrologers certified Jesus as a great man.. He revised Puāņas and had 9 Jewels of men in his court. His son (9) Devabhakta (19-29 AD ) could not control the empire and it was divided into 18 parts. It was attacked from all directions by Tatars, Shakas, Hunas, Chinese etc who looted, raped and kidnapped in mass scale. Finally, grand son(10) Śālivāhana (29-89 AD) chased them west of Sindhu river. Jesus Christ took shelter after resurrection in his kingdom at Shrinagar in Kashmir. His 2 disciples also took shelter in south India. Then 10 kings ruled for 50 years each (11)Śālihotra(80-139), (12) Śālivardhana (13) Śakahantā (189-239), (14) Suhotra(239-289), (15) Havihotra (289-339), (16) Indrapāla (Indrāvatī) (339-389), (17) Mālyavān (Mālyavatī) (389-439), (18) Śambhudatta(439-489), (19) Bhaumarāja (489-539), (20) Vatsarāja (539-589), (21) Bhojarāja (589-639)-He had gone to Balkha with his army, and was contacted by Mohammad, who sought his help in establishing Islam. This is indicated in Islamic history also. Kālidāsa-3 was with him. 10 generations after him was the famous kingBhoja (1018-1060 AD)-Author of Samarāngaņa-sūtradhāraetc.

  44. Kings of Kashmir-Taranga-1 This is given in Rājatarangiņī. Taranga (chapter)-1, describes Gonanda-vamśa from 3450 BC. Names of first 5 kings are not known. 6 Gonanda-1 (3238-3188 BC), (7) Dāmodara-1 (3188-3140 BC)-He was killed just before Mahābhārata war, then his queen Yaśomatī ruled. (8) Gonanda-2 (3138-3083 BC)-He was killed by Pāņɖava king Parīkśita 20 Pāņɖava kings-( 9) Parīkśita who became 9th king and ruled from (3083-3041 BC), (10) Harnadeva was second son ofParīkśita , (11) Rāmadeva, (12) Vyāsadeva, (13) Droņadeva, (14) Simhadeva, (15) Gopāladeva, (16) Vijayānanda, (17) Sukhadeva, (18) Ramaņadeva, (19) Sindhimāna, (20) Mahānadeva, (21) Kamāandeva, (22) Chandradeva, (23) Ānandadeva, (24) Drupadadeva, (25) Haranāmadeva,(26) Sulakhānadeva, (27) Senāditya, (28) Mangalāditya. Another Kashmir dynasty-(29) Kśemendra, (30) Bhīmasena, (31) Indrasena, (32) Sundarasena, (33) Galagendra, (34) Baladeva, (35) Nalasena, (36)Gokarņa, (37) Prahlāda, (38) Bambru, (39) Pratāpaśīla, (40) Sangrāmachandra, (41) Lorikachandra, (42) Bīramachandra,(43) Babighena, (44) Bhagavantī-with these 16 kings-a total of 36 Pāņɖava kings ruled for 1331 years (3083-1752 BC) Gonanda-vamśa again-(45) Lava (1752-1713 BC), (46) Kuśa or Kuśeśaya, (47) Khagendra, (48) Surendra (Issueless). One relation (44th in Gonanda line) became king named (44) Godhara in 1596 BC. (45) Suvarņa, (46) Janaka, (47) Śachīnāra died issueless in 1448 BC. (48) Aśokawas grandson of Janaka’s brother. He became king in1448 BC. Under influence of Lokadhātu Buddha, he became Bauddha and was named Dharmāśoka. He made many vihāras and stūpas, many of which are thought to be by MauryaAśoka. Bauddhas of central Asia captured his kingdom. By grace of a śaiva saint, he got back his kingdom and got a son named Jālauka. He ruled up to 1400 BC and established Śrīnagara town. (49)Jālauka (1400-1344BC), (50) Dāmodara-2 (1344-1294 BC), Again, Bauddhasof central Asia ruled the state for 60 years,3 kings- Huşka, Juşk,aKanişka (1294-1234 BC). Gonanda-vamśa (52) Abhimanyu (1234-1182 BC), -52 Gonanda kings for 2268 years (3450-1182 years. (53) Gonanda-3, (54) Vibhīşaņa, (55) Indrajita, (56) Rāvaņa, (57) Vibhīşaņa-2, (58) Kinnara, or Nara, (59) Siddha, (60) Utpalākśa, (61) Hiraņyakula, (62) Vasukula, (63)Mihirakula (704-634 BC)-These 3 were kashmiri śaivas, not foreigners. (64) Baka, (65) Kśitinandana, (66) Vasunandana, (67) Nara, (68) Akśa, (69) Gopāditya (417-357 BC)-He built Śankarāchārya temple in 367 BC which is now called Takhta-e-Suleman. (70) Gokarņa, (71) Kinakhila, (72) Narendrāditya, (73) Andha-Yudhişţhira-he was short-eyed not blind,-73+5=78 kings (3450-272 BC)

  45. Kings of Kashmir-Taranga-2 Relations of Harşa-Vikramāditya-(1) Pratāpāditya, (2) Jalaukasa, (3) Tuşājina, (4) Vijaya, (5) Jayendra, (6) Sandhimati-(272-80 BC) Gonanda-vamśa-Descendent of Andha-Yudhişţhira (80) Meghavāhana (80-46 BC), (81) Pravarasena, Śreşţhasena or Tuñjina (46-16 BC), (82) Hiraņya-(His younger brother Toramāņa made coins in his own name-died in jail)-He died issueless-(16 BC-14 AD), 83-Mātŗgupta (Sent by king Vikramāditya of Ujjain)-(14-19 AD), (84) Pravarasena-2-Son of Toramāņa (19-79 AD),(85) Yudhişţhira -2 (79-118 AD)-contemporary of king Śālivāhana, grandson of Vikramāditya of Ujjain, (86) Lakśmaņa (Narendrāditya) (118-131), (87) Tuñjina or Rāņāditya, poet (131-173), (88)Vikramāditya (173-215), (89) Bālāditya (215-252) - end of Gonanda-vamśa. Karkoţaka-vamśa-(1)Durlabhavardhana (son-in-law of Bālāditya the last king of Gonanda- vamśa)-(252-288), (2) Durlabhaka or Pratāpāditya (288-338), (5)Lalitāditya or poet Muktāpīɖa (431-467), (6) Kuvalayāditya (467-468), (7) Vajrāditya, Vāpyāyika or Lalitāpīɖa (468-525), (8) Pŗthivyāpīɖa(525-569), (9) Sangrāmapīɖa(7 days), (10) Jayāpīɖa, scholar and poet (569-620), (11) Lalitāpīɖa (620-672)-Chinese traveler Huensang had come in this period, (12)Sangrāmapīɖa -2(672-729), (13) Chipyata,orJayāpīɖa (729-781), (14) Ajitāpīɖa (781-837), (15) Anangpīɖa(837-840) (16) Utpalāpīɖa(840-845), (17) Sukhavarmā (845-852) Utpala-vamśa-Avantivarman (town Avantipura in his name) and his son ruled in (852-936). Poets Ānandavardhana, and Ratnākara in that period. Grand-daughter of Bhīma-śāhī was Diddā who ruled in name of her son AbhimanyuGupta for (957-971) and countered attack of Mahmud of Gajani. Then Eka and tyrant Harşa ruled in (1086-1110). Shahmirruled in name of Shamsuddin in 1318. His family ruled till 1561 when Moghul king Akbar captured Kashmir.

  46. Nepal Kings-1 This is given because Nepal was always independent and its king list is not distorted. This has important links with other kings of India. Gopāla-vamśa-(1) Bhuktamānāgata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), (2) Jayagupta (4071-3999 BC), (3) Paramagupta (3999-3919 BC), (4) Harşagupta (3919-3826 BC), (5) Bhīşmagupta (3826- 3788), (6) Maņigupta (3788-3751 BC), (7) Vişņugupta (3751-3709 BC), (8) Yakśagupta (3709-3637 BC). He died issueless. Ahīra-vamśa-Three kings of India ruled for 200 years-(9) Varasimha, (10) Jayamatasimha, (11) Bhuvanasimha. Kirāta-vamśa-(12) Yalambarā, (13) Pavi, (14) Skandarā, (15) Valamba, (16) Hŗti, (17) Humati- he had accompanied Pāņɖavas in forest. (18) Jitedāstī-He died in Mahābhārata war on Pāņɖavaside. This is also described in Kirāta-parva under Vana-parva of Mahābhārata and famous epic Kirātārjunīyam of Daņɖī. 7 kings ruled for 300 years (3437-3138 BC), (19) Gali (3138-3137 BC). Then 22 kings ruled for 782 years till 2319 BC. (20) Pushka, (21) Suyarma, (22) Parbha, (23) Svānanda, (24) , (25) Stuvanka, (26) Giighri, (27) Nane, (28) Lāka, (29) Thora (30) Thoko, (31) Varmā, (32) Guja, (33)Puşkara, (34) Keśu. (35) Sunsa, (36) Sammu, (37) Guņana, (38) Kimbu, (39) Paţuka, (40) Gasti. Soma-vamśa-(41) Nimişa, (42) Mānākśa, (43) Kākavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49) PaśuprekśaDeva-In his period many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of Buddha and Mahāvīra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC). (50-51)-Unknown, (52) Bhāskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and without any son. He adopted Aramāna of Sūryavamśa who became king in 1712 BC in name of Bhūmivarman.

  47. Nepal Kings-2 Sūryavamśa-(53) Bhūmivarman (1712-1645 BC), (54) Chandravarman (1645-1584 BC), (55) Jayavarman (1584-1502 BC), (56)Vŗşavarman (1502-1441 BC), (57) Sarvavarman (1441-1363 BC), (58) Pŗthvīvarman (1363-1287 BC), (59) Jyeşţhavarman (1287-1212 BC), (60) Harivarman (1212-1136 BC), (61) Kuberavarman (1136-1048 BC), (62) Siddhivarman (1048-987 BC), (63) Haridattavarman (987-906 BC), (64) Vasudattavarman (906-843 BC), (65) Pativarman (843-790 BC), (66) Śivavŗddhivarman (790-736 BC), (67) Vasantavarman (736-675 BC), (68) Śivavarman (675-613 BC), (69 Rudravarman (613-547 BC), (70) Vŗşadevavarman (547-486 BC)-In his period Śankarāchārya had come in 486 BC for debate with 12 Bodhisattvas. Due to his blessing the king got a son who was named after the saint. (71) Śankaradeva (486-461 BC), (72) Dharmadeva (461-437 BC), (73) Mānadeva (437- 417 BC), (74) Mahideva (417-397 BC), (75) Vasantadeva (397-382 BC), (76) Udayadevavarman (382-377 BC),(77) Mānadevavarman ( 377-347 BC), (78) Guņakāmadevavarman (347-337 BC), (79) Śivadevavarman (337-276 BC), (80) Narendradevavarman (276-234 BC), (81) Bhīmadevavarman (234-198 BC), (82) Vişņudevavarman (198-151 BC), (83) Viśvadevavarman (151-101 BC). After him his son-in-law became king. Ţhākurī-vamśa-(84) Amśuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramāra king Vikramāditya of Ujjain came in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paśupatinātha from Chaitraśukla 1st. (85) Kŗtavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhīmārjuna (54-147 AD), (87) Nandadeva (147-172 AD), (88-89)-Unknown (172-299), (90)Vīradeva (299-394),(91) Chandraketudeva (394-450), (92) Narendradeva (450-516), (93) Varadeva (516-570)- Avalokiteşvara and one Śankarāchārya (of a Pīţha) came in 522 AD. (94) Naramudi (570-615), (95) Śankaradeva (615-627), (96) Vardhamānadeva (627-640), (97) Balideva (640-653), (98) Jayadeva (653-668), (99) Balārjunadeva (668-685), (100) Vikramadeva (685-697), (101) Guņkāmadeva(696-748), (102) Bhojadeva (748-756), (103) Lakśmīkāmadeva (756-778), (104) Jayakāmadeva (778-798).

  48. Śakaand Samvatsara These are two complementary systems of calendar- (1)Śaka is mathematical calendar where calculation is done by calculating number of days from a particular point. (2)Samvatsarais followed by people for daily use, festivals as per lunar tithis and is matched with season cycles. Meaning of śaka-This is derived from 2 root verbs- (a) śakļśaktau=to be able (Pāņini dhātu-pāţha 5/16), (b) şacha or sachasechane, sevane cha (1/97) . It is powerful form ofKuśa(reed) which is derived from 2 verbs-(a) Kŗśa tanūkaraņe (41/117)=to become thin or fine, (b) Kŗşa vilekhane(1/716, 6/6)=to plough or to draw a line. Thus, Kuśa is a thin rod and sign of number 1 in all languages (I). This becomes Śaka (powerful) in 2 ways- By being big in size-In north India sal tree is Śaka (Sakhua). Siddhārtha Buddha was born in region of sal tree, so he was called Śākya-muni. In south India, Teak tree is Śaka, so it is called Sāgvān (Śaka-vana). Australia abounds in pillar shaped Eucalyptus trees, so it was called Śaka-dvīpa-stated south east of Jambū-dvīpa (Asia)- Mahābhārata (12/14/21-5) and (6/11/4) Rāmāyaņa (4/10/19-54) and (4/43/12) etc. (b) By joining many thin kuśas-In central Asia including south Europe, many wandering small tribes joined in a Federation, so they were calledŚaka. In mathematics (statistics) also, each item is counted by a sign ofkuśa(I). After, they become 4, they are bound by the fifth- IIII, IIII, IIII, II ….In any mathematical calculation in astronomy, we count the number of days from a particular reference, called Ahargaņa (day-count). So, the calendar used for purpose of calculation is calledŚaka. Meaning of Samvatsara- (1) This is the exclusive zone of sun where light of sun reaches in 1 year= sphere of 1 Light year radius. Like 6 seasons in 1 year, there are 6 zones (Vaşaţkāra) in solar system(ŚatapathaBrāhmaņa (1/7/2/11,21) (2) This is the curved orbit of earth around sun (TsaraChhadmagatau=to move in curve-1/373), time in orbit (1 year). (3) One of 5 type of lunar years in Vedāngajyotişa which matches most closely with solar year. They are Samparidānvita- i.e. pre-fixes sam, pari, idā. Anu, it added to Vatsara. Vatsarais derived fromUt(out, up) + şū (to give birth). Thus, vatsa = son, vatsara means son and year born from sun-its zone or period of rotation. (4) System of lunar year which is equalized with solar year by adding extra months after intervals. (5) The year which is followed by people. Sam+ vat+ sarati= moves accordingly. Thus, Jaina tradition calls anniversary as Samavasaraņa. All major social activities and festivals follow samvatsara-financial year, Educational session, agriculture cycle and all festivals. (6) Time measures of equal measure-Guru, Saptarşi, DhruvaorKrauñcha-samvatsaras. Thus, all texts of astronomy use ŚālvāhanaŚakafor calculation purpose, but all festivals are fixed as per Vikramasamvatsara.

  49. Calendar of Brahmā It started in time of Svāyambhuva Manu (29102 BC) after Glacial floods of 31,200 BC. There are 2 references in Vedas-(1) TaittirīyaBrāhmaņa (3/1/1/11,12) and Devī-bhāgavatapuāņa (9/12/47, 9/1/46-48). TheRāsain space is due to precession of earth axis in 26000 years. That period is called a manvantara in Brahmāņɖa purāņa (2/29/19). It starts from Kŗttikā(scissors) and ends with Viśākhā(2 branches). These stars are 2 points of intersection of equator and ecliptic-at first point they start like 2 branches of scissors and at opposite end 2 branches rejoin. In time of Svāyambhuva and 26000 years later at start of Kali-spring equinox (Vişuvasankrāntioccurred in Kŗttikāstar. However, in all periods, calculation of spherical triangle has to be done from first point of intersection. So, Taittirīyasamhitā(4/4/10) tells-Kŗttikātahgaņanā, here gaņanādoes not mean counting as assumed by S.B. Dixit, it means calculation. (2) MadhusudanOjha in Chhandah-samīkśā has explained motion of sun from 24 degree north to south By chhandas. The same has been stated in Āvaraņa-vādaquoting Ŗgveda 1/164/1-3,12,13, 1/115/3, 7/63/2 Explained in verses 123-132. Diagram at end is as per Atharvaveda(8/5/19-20) Ŗgveda (10/130/4), Vāyu (Chap 2), Brahāņɖa (part 1, chap. 22) Vişņu (2/8-10) 240NJagatī Karkarekhā No. of letters in chhanda- Gāyatrī6x4,Uşņik 7x4, Anuşţup8x4, Bŗhatī 9x4, Pankti10x4, Trişţup11x4 Jagatī12x4 200NTrişţup 120N Pankti 120S Anuşţup 00N Bŗhatī 200S Uşņik 240S Gāyatrī Makararekhā These are the lanes in which sun remains for 1 month each. The same calendar is described in Book of Enoch, chapter 4 in Ethipoean version of Old Testament. The lanes are further divided into 3 each, called Vīthi and nāɖī used for Melāpaka in astrology. This is followed in Vedāngajyotişa, also, where longest day length is double of night as letters injagatī are double of gāyatrī. This was the original system of Brahmā in Taittirīyasamhitā. Vivasvānrevived Vedas which was called Ādityasampradāya, followed by Yājñavalkya later on. Earlier form was called Brahma- sampradāya. That was followed by Guru Nanak continued by his second son-Śrīchandaji(Udāsīna- sampradāya. Brahmāis called Vahe-guru. Brahmā=Vah=Big.

  50. KārttikeyaCalendar MahābhārataUdyogaparva, chapter 230, Verses 8-10 state that AbhijitNakśatra had fallen (from pole position) and a new calendar was started by Kārttikeya in consultation with Brahmā as advised by Indra. In this system, year started with entry of sun in Dhanişţhā in stead ofAbhijit. Earlier (in 17500 BC) at time of KaśyapaBrahmā, Abhijitwas the pole star, i.e. highest point from equator. Similarly, in diurnal motion, when sun is highest point from local horizon, it is called Abhijitmuhūrtta. In Abhijit period (of Pole star) Brahmā was supreme, so lord of this star isBrahmā . From this period, rise of Devas started. 2 brother Asura kings Hiraŋya-kaśipu and Hiraŋyākśa were killed by Varāha and Nŗsimha incarnations of Vişŋu. 2 generations later, Vāmana took kingdom of 3 lokas (Russia, China and India) from Bali forIndra. Many Asuras were dissatisfied with deal by Bali and continued war. Compromised was by Kūrma who suggested co-operation for producing mineral wealth-which resulted in Samudra-manthana. Again war erupted over sharing and finally,Kārttikeyadefeated Asuras convincingly by destroying Krauñcha mount (north America) by missile. Language of his navy (Mayūra =peacock) occupying pacific is still spread over all islands spread in largest region. After 17,500 BC entry of sun in Dhanişţhāstar will be near summer solstice-to be exact in 15,800 BC. Then year started with month of Māgha which was start of south motion of sun (Dakśiŋāyana). That was continuation of system in Asura supremacy, merely starting point had been shifted. So, South motion of Sun is calledAsuraday in Sūrya-siddhānta. Since year started with Varşā (rains), it was called Varşa. After victory over Asuras, erected pillar in sea at Koŋārka and started Ratha-yātrā on Māgha-saptamī-that might be exact day of sun entry in Dhanişţhāstar. Later on, in new calendar, when year started with entry of sun in Aśvinī star (Chaitra month),the ratha-yātrā shifted to start of rains in Āşāɖhaśukla2, which is first day of seeing moon in rains (Āşāɖhasyaprathamadivasemeghamāślişţasānuh-Meghadūta, 2). That was in time of Vikramāditya (82BC-19 AD) when Kālidāsa wrote his epics. System of KaśyapaBrahmāandKārttikeya continued in Vedāngajyotişa-where year is assumed to start from north motion of sun in 2983 BC. The Brahmā who was consulted by KārttikeyawasApāntaratamā. He lived on banks of Godāvarī and had gone to Hariŋa-dvīpa (Magadaskar) forTapa. His Brāhmī script of 63-64 letters still continues with Kannada and Telugu in his region. Tamil byKārttikeya is inTamilnadu.

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