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Media Use in Burma

Media Use in Burma. Findings from the 2012 International Audience Research Project. Survey Background and Conditions. Survey Background and Conditions. Target population is any adult in Burma, aged 15 years or older Total sample size is 3,000 Language: Burmese

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Media Use in Burma

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  1. Media Use in Burma Findings from the 2012 International Audience Research Project

  2. Survey Background and Conditions

  3. Survey Background and Conditions • Target population is any adult in Burma, aged 15 years or older • Total sample size is 3,000 • Language: Burmese • Interviews were collected face-to-face in respondent’s home • Duration was 8 ½ weeks (May 5 – June 20, 2012) • Fieldwork team of 48 interviewers and supervisors + 2 independent QC

  4. Survey Background and Conditions • Nationally representative sample • The country has 7 states (ethnic minorities) and 7 regions (predominantly Burman) • 4 states and 7 regions were covered • Chin and Kayah (size) and Kachin (armed conflict) were excluded, representing 4.1% of total population • 50 townships out of 287 were selected by PPS method • Sampled wards and villages were selected in the townships depending on urban and rural population ratio • 25% urban, 75% rural, or 760 urban, 2,240 rural interviews

  5. Survey Background and Conditions Kachin Chin Kayah

  6. Survey Background and Conditions Household selection • Systematic random sampling method was used, by which an interval was devised using the total number of households in the village/ward and dividing by the target (10 households). Respondent selection • Kish grid

  7. Survey Background and Conditions • Conditions for collecting data in Burma are difficult. • Supervisors spoke of taking multiple modes of transportation to reach a village (moto, boat, ox cart, walking several kilometers). • There are bad roads and irregular public transportation. • It is customary, but not necessary, to ask permission of township administrator to conduct the survey. • Most township administrators say yes, but not all. This causes delays and at times tense situations.

  8. Most Households Have Radio, Television; Digital Devices Remain Rare Which of the following do you have working in your household?

  9. TVs, Digital Devices Most Common in Urban Areas Which of the following do you have working in your household?

  10. Overall, Radio is More Commonly Used Than Television When was the last time you…?

  11. AM Radio Audience Drops Sharply; FM Use Continues to Rise Which of the following wave bands have you used in the last week to listen to the radio?

  12. State-Owned Radio Faces Competition From Private and International Stations

  13. Weekly TV Use Twice as Common in Urban as Rural Areas Percentage who used each form of media in the past seven days

  14. TV, Internet Use Also Skew Toward Higher Education Levels Percentage who used each form of media in the past seven days

  15. TV Market Still Largely Dominated by State-Owned Outlets

  16. Mobile Phone SIM Cards Remain Out of Reach for Most Do you, yourself, have a mobile phone, or not? Percent “yes”

  17. Major Developments • The introduction of new private FM radio stations in recent years has prompted a dramatic rise in FM listenership; many AM listeners may have migrated to new FM options. • Television use is more common than radio use in Burma’s urban areas; if the pace of development quickens with new foreign investment, TV use may also grow more quickly. • Internet use remains rare – but it remains to be seen whether the end of Burma’s censorship regime will spur the development of new media infrastructure.

  18. Use of Media for News in Burma Photo: AFP Photo: DVB-TV Photo: FreeBurmaRangers.org

  19. Weekly Use for News Source: Amnesty International Photo: Amnesty International

  20. Weekly Use for News

  21. What Is News in Burma? Photo: AFP Photo: Wikimedia Commons Photo: AFP

  22. What Is News in Burma? What are the most serious problems facing Burma today? (%, First response, unprompted) Photo: AFP

  23. What Is News in Burma? Please tell me your level of interest in the following topics: (% responding “very interested”) Photo: Avaaz.org

  24. Media Outlets Most Frequently Mentioned Among Respondents’ Top Three Sources Which stations, publications, or sites are your three MOST important sources of information? (%, unprompted)

  25. Media Outlets Most Frequently Mentioned Among Respondents’ Top Three Sources Which stations, publications, or sites are your three MOST important sources of information?

  26. Jointly operated by official MRTV and Forever Group • Launched May 2004 • 24 hours daily with a focus on entertainment • MRTV 4 international (2008) • Forever Media TV operations now called “4-TV” • 51 channels, including 12 free-to-air, 8 HD, 7 digital and 24 international stations • For Info provides attractively produced talk shows and news • Free-to-air foreign news products include CCTV, Fox News, Bloomberg, DW, KBS, Arirang

  27. Forever Group • Est. 1995, creating television commercials using computer graphics • 1998-2001, cooperative ventures with government • Tech training, “e-education,” publishing, public relations, advertising, digital marketing • Other media ventures also include Mandalay FM (2008) and Pyinsawadi FM (2009) • Latest venture: Myanmar Media Development Center (MMDC) opened in July.

  28. Shwe FM • Launched October 2009 • The only fully private radio operation in Burma • Weekly audience: 40% of Burmese adults • Pop music, chat, variety of topics

  29. How does a private station grow so large, so fast?

  30. Shwe Than Lwin Co., Ltd. • Chairman Kyaw Win has close ties to military leaders • Until recently, best known for its mining, construction, trade, and agricultural ventures • Shwe FM (2009) • “Sky Net” direct-to-home, multi-play services (late 2010) • Beer, soft drinks, and cigarettes (2012) • 2011: Official media reported the group would launch a free-to-air television channel

  31. Reached via satellite, requires SkyNet box • Costs roughly $180, plus monthly $12 fee • 48 channels • International News: MSNBC, Fox, Sky News, CCTV, Channel News Asia (soon) • Sole domestic broadcaster of Aung San Suu Kyi’s speeches during European trip • Four locally produced channels: • Buddha Channel • Up-to-Date Channel • Myanmar International • Hluttaw Channel Photo: AFP

  32. How much do you trust the news you get from the following sources? • Comparisons with BBG 2010-11 survey: • Significantly more said they trusted international radio “a great deal compared” with 2010-11 • Drop in overall trust numbers for all three domestic stations • No significant change in those considering domestic TV stations “very trustworthy”

  33. Is official media more trustworthy now than 6 months ago? • 52% yes (6% say “much more trustworthy now”) • 34% the same • 1% no (0% say “much less trustworthy now”) • 14% don’t know

  34. Satellites, New Media, and the Future

  35. Mobile Phone Ownership Trends Base: 2009 n=6,137; 2010 n=4,030; 2012 n=3,000. Data show percentages of adults who personally own a mobile phone.

  36. “Alternative” Media: Mobiles, Internet, Satellite • Alternative media impact held back by obstacles of strict control, high cost, and inadequate infrastructure • Most access now in large cities; even there, 80% or more are unconnected • Radio remains main means of access to external information for most • Neighboring countries show how quickly alternative media growth can be achieved

  37. Mobile Phone Ownership:Regional Comparison Data for Bangladesh, Cambodia, and Vietnam based on BBG-sponsored national surveys in 2011. All figures show percentages of adults who personally a mobile phone.

  38. Mobile Ownership by Urbanicity

  39. Activities Performed on Mobile Phones Base: Mobile phone owners (n=417). Data show percentages of mobile owners performing each activity listed in past 7 days.

  40. Internet Use Base: All respondents (n=3,000). Data show percentage using Internet within previous 7 days.

  41. Locations of Internet Use Base: Past month Internet users (n=77). Data show percentages of this group accessing Internet at each location (multiple responses accepted).

  42. Internet Use by Age Percentage in each age group using Internet in previous 7 days.

  43. Websites Used for News/Information Base: Past month Internet users (n=77).

  44. Satellite Dish Ownership Percentage of households in each category with installed satellite dish.

  45. Satellite Dish Trends Percentage of households with satellite dishes.

  46. TV Viewing Patterns:Satellite vs. Non-Satellite TV HHs Base: Satellite households (n=177); TV households without satellite (n=1,491)

  47. A “Connectedness” Index Percentage of individuals who EITHER have satellite dish or have used Internet in past 4 weeks.

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