Theodore Roosevelt

Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Served 2 terms (8 years) as the president of the United States 26th President of the United States Republican Party http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1906/roosevelt.jpg

Occupational and Educational Background Born into a prominent old Dutch family in New York, Roosevelt entered Harvard College at 18. After leaving Harvard, he studied in Germany. When he returned, he entered immediately into politics and was elected into the Assembly of New York State, holding office for 3 years. After the death of his wife in 1884, Roosevelt left politics and invested his fortune into a cattle ranch in the Dakota Territory. He returned to New York in 1886, and was appointed by President Harrison as a member of the Civil Service Commission. In 1895, he became the director of the Police Department of New York City. In 1897, he became assistant secretary of the Navy under President McKinley He became famous for being a “Rough rider” in the Cuban War.

Occupational and Educational Background Cont. He was elected governor of New York in 1898 He held the Vice Presidency for less than a year, becoming president after the assassination of McKinley, on September 4th, 1901 Elected for full term in 1904 Vice President- Charles W. Fairbanks Secretary of State- John M. Hay (1901-1905), Elihu Root (1905-1909), Robert Bacon (1909-1909) Oklahoma admitted into the Union (1907) http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1906/roosevelt-bio.html

1st Term On September 6, 1901, President McKinley was shot while attending The Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. Roosevelt is summoned from a hiking trip to Buffalo On September 14, 1901 at 3:15 pm at the AnsleyWilcox Mansion, Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as the 26th president of the United States http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm

2nd Term (Election of 1904)

Election of 1904 Cont. Roosevelt won the election of 1904 He received large amounts of money for his campaign from wealthy capitalists As customary neither Roosevelt nor Parker campaigned actively for the presidency However, over the summer of 1904, Roosevelt spoke to his supporters from his front porch at Oyster Bay. In the election, Roosevelt was able to take over every state including Missouri outside of the South The only support for the Democrats came from the south http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt/essays/biography/3

Theodore Roosevelt Becomes President (1901) On September 6, 1901, President McKinley was shot while attending The Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. On September 14, 1901 at 3:15 pm at the Ansley Wilcox Mansion, Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in as the 26th president of the United States At the age of 42, Roosevelt becomes the youngest president in US history Roosevelt brings new life and excitement to the presidency He believes in “guarenteeing justice for all and favors to none” He believes in “speak softly and carry a big stick” when it comes to foreign policy He became known for his “trust busting” http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt

J.P Morgan Organizes the U.S Steel Corp (1901) Founded in 1901 It became the largest business enterprise ever launched, with capital of 1.4 billion J.P Morgan and Elbert H. Gary bought Carnegies steel company and combined it into their Federal Steel Company The two companies became the center of the U.S Steel Corp In first year of business the US steel made 67% of all steel produced in the United States http://www.uss.com/corp/company/profile/history.asp

Platt Amendment Passed (1901) The United States occupied Cuba for five years after 1898 In 1901 Secretary of War Elihu Root drafted a set of articles for future US- Cuban relations The Platt amendment demanded the recognition of Cuban independence and for Spain to relinquish its claim to Cuba. It restricted Cuba in the conduct of foreign policy and commercial relations Established Cuban boundaries and leased Guantanamo Bay to the United States Platt amendment was made mostly for US benefit so they could send troops and be able to protect their investments Cubans resisted this at first but the Platt Amendments were eventually added to the Cuban constitution in 1902 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1901platt.asp

Venezuelan Debt Dispute (1902) Venezuela became deeply in debt to many European countries in the early 20th century. In late 1902, German and British ships blockaded Venezuelan ports to force payment of debt Publicly, Roosevelt said little about the matter, but behind the scenes he was arranging an agreement that would kick the European presence out of the area The matter was sent to the Hague Tribunal, who ruled in Venezuela's favor Roosevelt’s reason for trying to help Venezuela was to make sure European foreign powers didn’t get involved in the building of the Central American Canal http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h948.htm

Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) Rep. Francis G. Newlands of Nevada was the prime moving force behind Act, as it was named after him Under Act, a measure passed in 1902, the Reclamation Service, was established. A funding system was established: 1. Federal government would plan and construct irrigation projects for purpose of reclaiming marginal lands. 2. Funds for the projects would come from the sale of public lands. 3. On- going expenses of projects would be supported by fees from farmers and ranchers using the water. This brought new acres under cultivation and placed federal government in the water distribution question out West This led to many more projects out West and the start of modern day environmental conservation http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h938.html

http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/entry/view/national_reclamation_act_1902_/ http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/entry/view/national_reclamation_act_1902_/ Klamath Project which was authorized by The Reclamation Service

Northern Securities Case (1902) Important example of Roosevelt’s trust busting In 1901, the Northern Securities company was formed as a holding company for the Northern Pacific and Great Northern Railways, and the Union Pacific J.P Morgan and James J. Hill controlled the Northern railways and E.H Hairrman controlled the Union Pacific The holding company ended up monopolizing the traffic between Chicago and the Northwest which caught the attention of Roosevelt He ordered attorney general Philander C. Knox to bring suit, alleging restraint of trade In a five to four decision in 1904, the Supreme Court sided with the government As a result Roosevelt’s popularity immediately heightened and the desire for holding companies dampened. http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h950.html

Anthracite Coal Strike (1902) Coal miners worked long days and were subject to hard physical labor in horrible conditions for low wages Coal miners went on strike in 1900 and won a 10 percent wage increase It wasn’t long until they went on another one in May of 1902 demanding a wage increase, and 8 hour work day, and recognition of their labor union United Mine Workers Union The strike lasted 5 months before outside parties got involved As winter approached, citizens worried about a coal shortage Roosevelt was concerned as well and took unprecedented action He invited reps from the UMW and they agreed to call off the strike for recognition of their union and a small increase in wages Coal operators did not see agreement as fair and rejected it Neither side would back down so Roosevelt threatened to send federal troops to take over the mines, both sides agreed to compromise. Roosevelt assigned a commission to arbitrate negotiations and on October 23, 1902 coal miners went back to work

Anthracite Coal Strike cont. Set a new precedent in Presidential intervention Roosevelt was seen as a concerned and in touch president, looking out for the benefit of the American people Public opinion towards Unions and managers turned into support for them http://www.stfrancis.edu/content/ba/ghkickul/stuwebs/btopics/works/anthracitestrike.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/CoalControversy.jpg/300px-CoalControversy.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/87/CoalControversy.jpg/300px-CoalControversy.jpg Political Cartoon on the Anthracite Coal Strike

Wright Brothers Make First Airplane Flight (1903) In 1902, the Wright Brothers designed the first airplane after months of research It was 700 pounds and came to be known as “The Flyer” On December 17, 1903, Orville Wright took a 12 second flight on the Flyer, this was the first successful, piloted flight in history The prize of building the first airplane was sought after by many people from many different countries Two brothers from Ohio managed to accomplish the task first giving great fame to the Americans The US government in 1909, bought its first airplane, a Wright Brothers biplane The first armed airplane was introduced in 1912, and in 1914, an Aviation section of the Signal Corps was established http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/TheWrightBrother_2.htm

http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/206308main_image_976_946-710.jpg http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/206308main_image_976_946-710.jpg Picture of “The Flyer”

Elkins Act (1903) Roosevelt was anti trust and anti railroads He was a major factor in securing the passing of the Elkins Act and eventually the Hepburn Act The Elkins act ended the railroads practice of giving rebates to their most valued customers Oil and livestock companies paid rates stated by the railroad but they demanded rebates on payments Railroads welcomed legislation since they were frequently extorted by trusts The act stated that rates had to be published and violation of law would find both railroad and shipper responsible http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h921.html

W.E.B. DuBois publishes The Souls of Black Folk (1903) DuBois published a collection of essays in 1903, called the Souls of Black Folk Immediately acclaimed as a great piece of literature It explored many pieces of black life, from the Freedmen’s Bureau and black music DuBois also wrote about his own experiences teaching in Georgia and Tennessee Writing this book turned DuBois into an activist for black rights DuBois eventually helped form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) http://www.pbs.org/wnet/jimcrow/stories_events_souls.html

Panamanian Revolution from Colombia (1903) The US after deciding to build a canal through Panama instead of Nicaragua, proposed the Hay-Harran Treaty of 1903, which Colombia rejected Secretary of state John Hay and Roosevelt let it be known that they would approve of an independent Panama With American aid, a revolution was planned in Panama In November 1903, a revolution broke out in Panama City US ships prevented Colombian soldiers from arriving while fire fighters and railroad workers secured government buildings Independence was declared on November 4 and American recognition of Panama took place 2 days later The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty secured American rights to construct and build the canal in Panama Columbia was furious at US actions and it made other Latin countries question the US http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h932.html

Alaska Boundary Dispute Settled (1903) In 1898, a joint High Comission met to discuss boundary dispute between US and British Columbia on the Alaska Boundary News of the compromise got out and the US was forced to drop meetings because of pressure from the Western states In the same year Britain and US met again to discuss boundary but could not come to a compromise When Roosevelt became president, America began a series of harrassments towards Canada to push them into solving dispute In 1903, the Hay/Herbert Treaty called for a 6 member tribunal to make a decision The tribunal ended up ruling in favor of the US because of Britain's need for an ally in American rather than Canada The boundaries were set on paper and expeditions were ordered to survey the area http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/BC/bc_alaska_boundary_dispute.htm

http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/BC/bc_alaska_boundary_dispute.htm http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/BC/bc_alaska_boundary_dispute.htm Disputed Alaskan Territory

Construction of the Panama Canal Begins (1904) As a result of the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, American rights were secured to start building the canal Work began on the canal in 1904 Roosevelt wanted to visit what he considered his project and visited construction site in 1906 He became the first president to ever leave the country during a term Colonel George W. Goethals was the overall project superviser He was assisted by Dr. William C. Gorgas to help combat yellow fever and malaria Canal was complete in 1914 http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h932.html

Roosevelt Corollary Announced (1904) In the Spring of 1904, Roosevelt in his speech to Congress laid out a policy that would later be known as the Roosevelt Corally to the Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt stated that European countries were not allowed to collect debts by force from Latin American countries Roosevelt was more concerned with unstable governments in Latin American countries then the intentions of the European powers Under this extension of the Monroe Doctrine, US came up with an international police power to enforce order in Latin America http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h946.html

Creation of The Department of Commerce and Labor (1903) Congressmen beginning in the 1890’s introduced many bills to establish a Department of Commerce to put in the cabinet Roosevelt understood the growing need for representation between capital and labor He urged Congress to create the new Department Goal was achieved in 1903 The Bureau of Corporations was established within department It was authorized to investigate businesses engaged in interstate commerce Helped start the era of “trust busting” The American Pageant, 673

Roosevelt begins 2nd term (1905) The Republican Party unanimously nominated him for president at their 1904 national convention During the election campaign, Roosevelt called on the voters to support his "square deal" policies In the presidential election, Roosevelt won the presidency in his own right in a landslide victory His vice president was Charles Fairbanks Impact: became the first president to assume the office upon the death of a president to secure a full term of his own http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Theodore_Roosevelt.htm http://www.history.com/topics/theodore-roosevelt

Lochner v. New York (1905) Joseph Lochner was fined $50 for allowing an employee to work more than 60 hours in a week The Court held that the Constitution prohibits states from interfering with most employment contracts Impact: The decision led to abolishing many progressive era and Great Depression laws regulating working conditions; also led to the Lochner Era http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FD_1.jpg/220px-FD_1.jpg http://www.lawnix.com/cases/lochner-new-york.html http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/capitalism/landmark_lochner.html

Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) Debt Dispute (1905) From 1903 to 1905, European creditors were seeking to receive payment from the DR but political instability and financial chaos resulted in DR being unable to pay European creditors were furious when some American creditors were paid in 1904 An agreement was reached between the Roosevelt and the DR where the United States could: collect the customs duties at Dominican ports administer the payment of its foreign debts Impact: in two years the debts were paid and this was the first time the Roosevelt Corollary was used Barron's SAT Subject Test U.S. History Page 239

National Forest Service (1905) The permanent preservation of the some of the most unique natural resources of the United States According to the National Geographic, the area of the United States placed under public protection by Theodore Roosevelt comes to a total of approximately 230,000,000 acres National Parks, National Forests, game and bird preserves, and other federal reservations Impact: One of Roosevelt's most lasting and significant contributions to the world – preservation and conservation

First Niagara Conference (1905) A meeting of 29 African-American men on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls from July 11 - July 14, 1905 Led by W. E. B. Du Bois, John Hope, and William Monroe Trotter The Niagara Movement renounced Booker T. Washington's policies in his famed Atlanta Compromise "We want full manhood suffrage and we want it now.... We are men! We want to be treated as men. And we shall win.“ Impact: led to the founding of the NAACP the following year http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/niag_move_medium.gif http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Niagara_movement.aspx http://www.math.buffalo.edu/~sww/0history/hwny-niagara-movement.html

Roosevelt awarded Nobel Peace Prize (1906) For settling the Russo-Japanese War The war started February 1904 with many Japanese victories left them overextended in Asia and low in funds Russia’s fleet was destroyed and their main army forced north of Mukden At home they faced revolution Roosevelt negotiated peace between them, resulting in the Peace Treaty of Portsmouth Impact: Shed positive light on Roosevelt and was a great honor to receive http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1906/roosevelt.jpg http://members.efn.org/~peace/contributions/essay/Roosevelt.html

Hepburn Act (1906) Federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates Act passed as a reaction of the Standard Oil Company’s monopolization of the oil industry Dealt with Roosevelt’s Square Deal with railroad regulation Impact: The ICC's authority was extended to cover bridges, terminals, ferries, railroad sleeping cars, express companies and oil pipelines http://www.eoearth.org/article/Hepburn_Act_of_1906,_United_States

Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Meat Inspection Act worked to prevent misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food Pure Food and Drug Act purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support Impact:The government came down heavily on the meat-packing industry; the passing of these laws contributed to Roosevelt’s Square Deal in promoting public health and safety http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg/200px-US-GreatSeal-Obverse.svg.png http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h917.html

Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907) A series of six notes communicated between Japan and the United States from late 1907 to early 1908 An informal agreement between the United States and Japan the U.S. would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S. The goal was to reduce tensions between the two nations Impact: reflected the prejudices of Californians who feared that Japanese immigrants would lower wages http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/229394/Gentlemens-Agreement

Financial Panic (1907) A six-week stretch of runs on banks in New York City and other American cities Triggered by a failed speculation that caused the bankruptcy of two brokerage firms The shock that set in motion the events to create the Panic was the earthquake in San Francisco in 1906 Impact: the shortage of currency deprived manufacturers of resources to pay wages and salaries; and many temporarily shut down their operations http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1907_Panic.png/250px-1907_Panic.png http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h952.html

Oklahoma admitted to Union (1907) Oklahoma Territory existed from 1890 to 1907 Representatives of the Five Civilized Tribes met in 1902 to work on securing statehood for Indian Territory Eastern politicians feared the admission of two more Western states and put pressure on Roosevelt He ruled that the Indian and Oklahoma Territories would be granted statehood only as a combined state Once people of Oklahoma adopted the US Constitution, Oklahoma and Indian Territories officially dissolved and the State of Oklahoma was admitted to the Union as the 46th state Impact: Added another state to the Union and is still part of our nation today http://www.netstate.com/states/government/ok_government.htm http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/oklahoma/

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) Exchange of notes between the U.S. secretary of state and the Japanese ambassador in Washington. The resulting statements included the following: A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East Recognition of China's independence and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open Door policy An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern crises. The Root-Takahira Agreement appeared to be a great success Impact: both nations were quieted and at peace but implicit in the agreement was American understanding of Japan's right to annex Korea and dominance over southern Manchuria Top:Elihu Root Bottom: KogoroTakahira http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/68/71068-003-12A3604F.gif http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509519/Root-Takahira-Agreement http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h886.html

National Conservation Commission established (1908) Consisted of representatives in Congress The commission had resulted from the first Conference of Governors Was divided into four sections: water, forests, lands, and minerals, with each having a chairman Roosevelt and Pinchot wanted the Commission to continue, but Congress refused further funding Impact: contributed to Roosevelt’s Square Deal for conservation http://www.historycentral.com/dates/1908.html

Muller v. Oregon (1908) Curt Muller was convicted of violating Oregon labor laws by making a female employee work more than ten hours in a day The Oregon Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court both upheld the constitutionality of the labor law Louis Brandeis chose to represent the state of Oregon to the U.S. Supreme Court He presented a much shorter traditional brief, but included more than a hundred pages of documentation called the Brandeis Brief showed evidence that "when women worked long hours, it was destructive to their health and morals” Worked and Oregon law was upheld Impact: was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history; first instance that social science had been used in law and changed the direction of the Supreme Court and of U.S. law. The Brandeis Brief became the model for future Supreme Court presentations. http://www.hist.umn.edu/~bywelke/Muller%20v%20Oregon.htm http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0208_0412_ZS.html

First Model T Fords roll off assembly line (1908) produced by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company regarded as the first affordable automobile the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American The Model T was the first automobile mass produced on moving assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts Impact: The Ford Model T was named the world's most influential car of the 20th century in an international poll http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fords-assembly-line-starts-rolling http://wyrk.com/first-model-t-rolls-off-the-assembly-line-dale-daily-data/

http://wac.450f.edgecastcdn.net/80450F/wyrk.com/files/2011/08/Model-T-Ford3.jpg http://wac.450f.edgecastcdn.net/80450F/wyrk.com/files/2011/08/Model-T-Ford3.jpg First Model T Rolls Off The Assembly Line

Jack Johnson becomes heavyweight champion of the world (1908) John Arthur Johnson defeats Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia becomes the first black heavyweight champion of the world and an international icon The fight was recorded but the knockout was not Impact: gave inspiration and pride to African-Americans, fueled support for blacks http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jack_Johnson1.jpg/200px-Jack_Johnson1.jpg http://www.sportsvideodaily.com/wp/index.php/2011/12/26/dec-26-1908-jack-johnson-becomes-first-african-american-heavyweight-champion/ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/jack-johnson-wins-heavyweight-boxing-title

Quotes about Roosevelt http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt#Quotes_about_Roosevelt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft Praise “Roosevelt was a great personality, a great activist, a great preacher of the moralities, a great controversialist, a great showman.” -- Thomas A. Bailey in Presidential Greatness “The name Roosevelt has this legendary force in our country at this time.” -- Georges Clemenceau Criticism “Death had to take him in his sleep, for if he was awake there'd have been a fight.” -- Thomas R. Marshall “My goal [unlike Roosevelt] is to try to accomplish just as much without any noise.” –William Howard Taft

Impact and Legacy Is widely regarded as the first modern President of the United States Completed the transition to a strong, effective executive Changed the government's relationship to big business Revolutionized foreign affairs, believing that the United States had a global responsibility and that a strong foreign policy served the country's national interest Roosevelt's progressive platform encompassed nearly every progressive ideal Square Deal: limiting power of bad trusts, promoting public health and safety, improving working conditions, and conservation http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h959.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/tr-environment/ http://millercenter.org/president/roosevelt

Sarah Park and Hayley Stoner
Period 7 February 9, 2012

Theodore Roosevelt