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Sustainable Management of Soil and Natural Resources

Sustainable Management of Soil and Natural Resources. R. Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 USA. WORLD POPULATION GROWTH. WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION. THE ADDICTION OF CARBON CIVILIZATION. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY I. CO 2 CONCENTRATION.

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Sustainable Management of Soil and Natural Resources

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  1. Sustainable Management of Soil and Natural Resources R. Lal Carbon Management and Sequestration Center The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 USA C-MASC 04-09

  2. WORLD POPULATION GROWTH

  3. WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION C-MASC 04-09

  4. THE ADDICTION OF CARBON CIVILIZATION C-MASC 04-09

  5. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRYI. CO2 CONCENTRATION C-MASC 04-09

  6. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY II. TEMPERATURE INCREASE DURING THE 20TH CENTURY = +0.56 °C C-MASC 04-09

  7. Global Water Use C-MASC 11-08

  8. Water Use in Agriculture • Global Food crops evaporate = 7,100 km3/y (7,100,000,000,000,000 L) • Irrigation (275 Mha) = 2,650 km3/y (2,650,000,000,000,000 L) C-MASC 11-08

  9. Bottled Water U.S. Sales (109 L in 2006) Bottled H2O can use up to 20 times more energy than tap water C-MASC 11-08

  10. GLOBAL FERTILIZER USE(IFDC, 2004; Tilman et al., 2001) C-MASC 04-09

  11. C-MASC 11-08

  12. GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION AND PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION 1950 - 2000 C-MASC 04-09

  13. GLOBAL INCRESE IN CROP YIELDS C-MASC 11-08

  14. WORLD BIOFUELS IN 2008 • Ethanol: 65 billion L (USA, Brazil) • Biodiesel: 13 million ton (EU) C-MASC 11-08

  15. WORLD FEEDSTOCK FOR BIOFUELS • Ethanol: 6% of grains produced • Biodiesel: 9% of vegoil produced C-MASC 11-08

  16. ETHANOL IN USA • 2008 = 9 billion gallons • 2009 = 10.5 billon gallons • 2015 = 15 billion gallons C-MASC 11-08

  17. 6 CROPS SUITABLE FOR BIOFUEL PRODUCTION C-MASC 04-09

  18. SOURCES OF BIOFUEL FEEDSTOCK C-MASC 04-09

  19. ENERGY IN BIOMASS One Mg of Lignocellulosic material = 280 L of Ethanol 15 - 18 GJ of Energy 16 x 106 BTU 2 Barrels of Diesel 3 x 106 KCal (Lal, 2005) C-MASC 04-09

  20. C-MASC 6/07

  21. Economics of Residue Removal for Biofuel ECONOMICS OF RESIDUE REMOVAL FOR BIOFUEL C-MASC 01-09

  22. THE CARBON PIE How does one divide the Pie?

  23. “Vasudhaiv Kutumbikam” “WORLD IS ONE FAMILY” (Maha Upanishads 6.71) C-MASC 04-09

  24. HUMANS AND LAND RESOURCES Humans have converted a third of the land area - almost 3.8 billion hectares - to agriculture and urban or build up areas. Most of the remainder land is unsuitable for agriculture. C-MASC 04-09

  25. URBANIZATION • Population Growth = 70-80 million/y • Land needed for basic necessities = 40,000 ha/1 million inhabitants • Therefore, new land under urbanization = 3 Mha/y C-MASC 04-09

  26. HUMAN APPROPRIATION OF NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY IN 2000 • Total NPP = 65.5 Gt • Human Appropriation = 15.6 Gt (23.8%) Harvest = 8.18 Productivity Increase = 6.29 Fire = 1.14 Haberl et al. (2007) C-MASC 11-08

  27. GLOBAL HECTARE PER PERSON “ The amount of biologically productive land and water area required to produce the resources as individual population or activity consumes and to absorb the waste it generates, given prevailing technology and resource management.” C-MASC 11-08

  28. THE GLOBAL FOOTPRINT IN 2008 • Actual: 2.7 global hectare/person • Biocapacity of Earth = 2.1 global hectare/person C-MASC 11-08

  29. SUSTAINABILITY It means: • for a long-time, • to maintain, • to cause to continue C-MASC 04-09

  30. ALBERT BARTLETT LAWS OF SUSTAINABILITY(18 IN TOTAL) • Law of Seventy (T2 = 70/R) Population growth and growth in rate of consumption cannot be sustained. • The larger the population and larger the rate of consumption of natural resources, the more difficult it is to transform the society to the condition of sustainability. • The Carrying capacity and the sustainable average standard of living are inversely related to one another. • Starving people don’t care about sustainability. • Humans will always be dependant on agriculture. C-MASC 03-09

  31. LAW #1 CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATION The biophysical process of soil degradation is driven by economic, social and political forces. C-MASC 04-09

  32. LAW #2SOIL STEWARDSHIP AND HUMAN SUFFERING When people are poverty stricken, desperate and starving, they pass on their sufferings to the land. C-MASC 04-09

  33. Law #3NUTRIENT, CARBON AND WATER BANK It is not possible to take more out of a soil than what is put in it without degrading its quality. C-MASC 04-09

  34. C-MASC 04-09

  35. LAW #4MARGINALITY PRINCIPLE Marginal soils cultivated with marginal inputs produce marginal yields and support marginal living. C-MASC 04-09

  36. LAW #5ORGANIC VERSUS INORGANIC SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS Plants cannot differentiate the nutrients supplied through inorganic fertilizers or organic amendments. C-MASC 04-09

  37. LAW #6SOIL CARBON AND GREENHOUSE EFFECT Mining C has the same effect on global warming whether it is through mineralization of soil organic matter and extractive farming or burning fossil fuels or draining peat soils. C-MASC 04-09

  38. LAW #7SOIL VERSUS GERMPLASM Even the elite varieties cannot extract water and nutrients from any soil where they do not exist. C-MASC 04-09

  39. Law #8 Soil As Sink For Atmospheric CO2 Soil are integral to any strategy of mitigating global warming and improving the environment C-MASC 04-09

  40. Carbon Capture by Photosynthesis • The capture of CO2 by a field of corn is about 400 times as much C as there is in the annual increment in man made atmospheric C in the entire column of air above the field from the ground to space. • The residence time of C in soils is 25yrs compared with that in the biota of 5yrs • The terrestrial C pool is 4 times as much as the atmospheric pool.

  41. LAW #9ENGINE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Sustainable management of soils is the engine of economic development, political stability and transformation of rural communities in developing countries. C-MASC 04-09

  42. Law #10TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND MODERN INNOVATIONS • Sustainable management of soil implies the use of modern innovations built upon the traditional knowledge. • Those who refuse to use modern science to address urgent global issues must be prepared to endure more suffering. C-MASC 04-09

  43. PRODUCTIVITY INCREASE BETWEEN 1900 AND 2000 (PONTING, 2007)

  44. NATURAL CAPITAL “Like winds and sunsets, wild things were taken for granted until progress began to do away with them. Now we face the question whether a “still higher standard of living” is worth its cost in things…natural wild and free”. Aldo Leopold (1925) C-MASC 04-09

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