The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763)

1. The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763) “The Great War for Empire” Ms. Susan Pojer & Mr. Davison

2. Study the map and describe one cause of the French and Indian War?

3. Population and Economic Push From the diagram, list two causes of the French and Indian War?

4. King William's War (1689–97) Queen Anne's War (1702–1713) King George’s War (1744–1748) The Seven Years War (1754 -1763) The French and Indian War in Colonies Remember, rivalries in Europe always spill over into the Colonies. The French and Indian Wars are aCombination of Wars

5. North America in 1750

6. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

7. Britain Declares War on France Alliance with Prussia. Prussia v France and its Allies in Europe. Britain fought France in the Caribbean, India, and North America. British suffer many losses in the early years of the war: Settlements are attacked; lose forts on Lake Ontario and Lake George.

8. What does it take to fight a War? Beans & Bullets Men & Equipment

9. The Albany Congress • In 1754, war was inevitable. • The colonies sent delegates to Albany to discuss strategy for common defense. • They approved a document written by Benjamin Franklin promoting a substructure of government below British authority to govern the colonies. • The council would be comprised of elected representatives from each colony and headed by a President-General appointed by the crown. • The colonies were not ready for political union and it is unlikely that the British government would have supported the plan. "Join or Die" (1754) first published By Benjamin Franklin is Often considered the first American Political Cartoon

10. Our wise forefathers established Union and Amity between the Five Nations. This has made us formidable; this has given us great Weight and Authority with our neighboring Nations. We are a powerful Confederacy; and by your observing the same methods, our wise forefathers have taken, you will acquire such Strength and power. Therefore whatever befalls you, never fall out with one another [emphasis added].                --Canassatego, Lancaster      Treaty Council, 1744 Iroquois Advice

11. Iroquois – Hold the power to tip the balance between English and French

12. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

13. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. • Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS

15. Braddock “halted to level every mole hill and to erect bridges over every brook by which means we were four days getting twelve miles” (Washington) Braddock’s Dilemma: Tried to fight a European style war in the wilderness of Pennsylvania.

16. General Braddock is killed Braddock’s force is routed and retreats in disarray. During the battle on July 9th Braddock is mortally wounded. Braddock dies and is buried in the middle of the road he built and the remainder of his army marches over him to hide the grave from the French and their allies.

17. 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

18. 1757 William Pitt The right man, at the right time, and in the right place can make all the difference. • Secretary of State • Prime Minister • Excellent judge of military commanders • Global Thinker

19. Pitt concentrated on: expelling the French from North America buying the cooperation by the colonists by stimulating the North American economy with a massive infusion of British currency buying the support of the Native Americans with promises of fixed territorial boundaries. 1757 William Pitt’s Strategy

20. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns. • He offered them a compromise: - colonial loyalty & mil. cooperation--> Britain would reimburse colonial assemblies for their costs. -Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758.

21. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

22. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England *By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

23. Amherst and Wolf stem the French tide in America

24. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

25. North America in 1763

26. Effects of the War on Britain? 1.It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

27. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

28. Question: Who is especially unhappy about the French loss? The Native Americans. British Trappers and Settlers refuse to pay Native Americans for the use of the land. Chief Pontiac puts together a Native American Alliance and strikes back at the British. Pontiac fails to capture key terrain. Pontiac’s War ends in 1765. Peace Treaties Lead to War

29. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

30. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

31. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

32. Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

33. Rethinking Their Empire British Government measures to prevent smuggling: • 1761 writs of assistance • James Otis’ case • Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. • He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equalweight.

34. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

35. Theories of Representation Real Whigs Q->What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q->How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

36. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine- 1765 Sons of Liberty– began in NYC:Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress– 1765*Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act– 1766

37. Costs of Colonial Resistance

38. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. • Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. • He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. • Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. • Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

39. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. John Dickinson  1768*Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2nd non-importation movement:*“Daughters of Liberty”*spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents:* John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty.* 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

40. For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"

41. The Boston Massacre? • The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770. It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts.

42. The boston Massacre markes the first step in a road to war! Road to War

43. What do you see in this picture?